Wikipedia

Korean diaspora

(Redirected from Ethnic Koreans)

The Korean diaspora consists of around 7.3 million people, both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as more recent emigrants from Korea. Around 84.5% of overseas Koreans live in just five countries: the United States, China, Japan, Canada, and Uzbekistan.[2] Other countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities include Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia. All of these figures include both permanent and temporary migrants.[3]

Korean diaspora
Total population
7,081,510 (2023)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 United States2,615,419[1]
 China2,109,727[1]
 Japan802,118[1]
 Canada247,362[1]
 Vietnam178,122[1]
 Uzbekistan174,490[1]
 Australia159,771[1]
 Russia124,811[1]
 Kazakhstan121,130[1]
 Germany49,683[1]
 Brazil47,544[1]
 United Kingdom39,097[1]
 Philippines34,148[1]
 New Zealand31,810[1]
 France27,055[1]
 Indonesia25,153[1]
 Argentina23,089[1]
 Singapore21,203[1]
 Thailand20,353[1]
 Kyrgyzstan20,229[1]
 Mexico13,158[1]
 Malaysia13,152[1]
 Sweden12,986[1]
 Ukraine12,765[1]
 India11,360[1]
 Netherlands9,398[1]
 United Arab Emirates9,227[1]
 Denmark8,844[1]
 Cambodia7,800[1]
 Norway6,670[1]
Languages
Predominantly Korean, English, Chinese, Japanese and Russian, among others
Religion
Predominantly: Irreligious
Minorities: Korean Buddhism, Korean shamanism, Cheondoism, Korean Confucianism and Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Unification Church)
Related ethnic groups
Koreans (including North Koreans, South Koreans, Jejuans, Koryo-saram, Sakhalin Koreans), Manchus
Korean diaspora
Hangul
한인
Hanja
Revised Romanizationhanin
McCune–Reischauerhanin
North Korean name
Hangul
해외동포
Hanja
Revised Romanizationhaeoe dongpo
McCune–Reischauerhaeoe tongp'o
South Korean name
Hangul
재외동포
Hanja
Revised Romanizationjaeoe dongpo
McCune–Reischauerchaeoe tongp'o

Terminology

edit

There are currently a number of official and unofficial appellations used by the authorities of the two Korean states as well as a number of Korean institutions for Korean nationals, expatriates and descendants living abroad. Thus, there is no single name for the Korean diaspora.

The historically used term gyopo (교포/僑胞, also spelled kyopo, meaning "nationals") has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who, as a result of living as sojourners outside the "home country", have lost touch with their Korean roots. As a result, others prefer to use the term dongpo (동포/同胞, meaning "brethren" or "people of the same ancestry"). Dongpo has a more transnational implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, while gyopo has more of a purely national connotation referring to the Korean state.[4][5] Another recently popularized term is gyomin (교민/僑民, meaning "immigrants"), although it is usually reserved for Korean-born citizens that have moved abroad in search of work, and as such is rarely used as a term to refer to the entire diaspora.

In North Korea, Korean nationals living outside Korea are called haeoe gungmin (해외국민), whereas South Korea uses the term jaeoe gungmin (재외국민) to refer to entire Korean diaspora. Both terms translate to "overseas national(s)".[6]

History

edit

Prior to the modern era, Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries.[7] Significant migration out of Korea did not begin until the late 19th century.[8]

Japanese and Portuguese slave trade

edit
Main article: Slavery in Korea § Japanese and Portuguese slave trade

During the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea, tens of thousands of enslaved Koreans were taken from Korea to Japan, with the first shipment being taken in October 1592.[9] Some were allowed to return to Korea, but many were made to stay in Japan, with the famous example of Korean samurai Wakita Naokata (Kim Yŏ-ch'ŏl).[10] Some were made saints in the 17th-century (205 Martyrs of Japan).[11] The Portuguese then sent some of them elsewhere, namely Portuguese Macau.[12] A community of several thousand Koreans formed near the Church of Saint Paul.[13][14] Others were sent to Manila in the Spanish Philippines,[15] at least one to Goa,[16] and likely one (Thome Corea) to Ambon Island, where he died in 1623.[17] An António Corea was taken to Florence and Rome,[15] and is possibly the first Korean to set foot in Europe.[18]

The international trade of Korean slaves declined shortly after the end of the Japanese invasions due to a number of prohibitions from various Japanese, Catholic, and Spanish and Portuguese colonial authorities. Despite the near halt in their export from Japan, their labor continued to be used.[19]

Rise

edit

Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these emigrants became the ancestors of the two million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand Koryo-saram.[20][page needed][21][page needed]

Korea under Japanese rule

edit
Main article: Korea under Japanese rule

During the Japanese colonial period of 1910–1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into indentured servitude to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture (Sakhalin) and Manchukuo, especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans.[22][23] According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan as of 2005, of whom 515,570 were permanent residents and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens.[24][25]

Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan or its puppet state of Manchukuo, some Koreans also escaped Japanese-ruled territory entirely, heading to Shanghai, a major centre of the Korean independence movement or to the already-established Korean communities of the Russian Far East. However, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia[26] in 1938.

After independence

edit

Korea gained its independence after the Surrender of Japan in 1945 after World War II but was divided into North and South. Korean emigration to the United States is known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965.[27] Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, mostly in metropolitan areas.[2][28] A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War, in which the United States was a major ally of South Korea and provided the bulk of the United Nations troops that served there. Thousands were adopted by American (mostly Caucasian) families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, ethnic Koreans in China, Joseonjok in Korean and Chaoxianzu in Mandarin Chinese became officially[29] recognised as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country. They are considered to be one of the "major minorities". Their population grew to about 2 million; they stayed mostly in Northeastern China, where their ancestors had initially settled. Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997.[21][30]

Europe and other parts of the Americas were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to South America was documented as early as the 1950s; North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile in 1953 and Argentina in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross. However, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to South America and established small businesses in the textiles industry.[31] Korean immigrants were increasingly settling in urban centers of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela, although return migration from South America back to Korea has ensued since then.

In the 1970s, however, Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants, with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration; the Middle East became the third most popular destination, with more than 800,000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985 and another 26,000 Koreans going to Iran. In contrast, aside from Germany (1.7% of all South Korean emigration in 1977) and Paraguay (1.0%), no European or American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants.[32] The cultural and stylistic diversity of the Korean diaspora is documented and celebrated in the work of fine-art photographer CYJO, in her Kyopo Project, a photographic study of over 200 people of Korean descent.

edit
 
Bergen County, New Jersey, across the George Washington Bridge from New York City, is a growing hub and home to all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population,[33] led (above) by Palisades Park,[34] the municipality with the highest density of ethnic Koreans in the Western Hemisphere. Displaying ubiquitous Hangul signage and known as the Korean Village,[35] Palisades Park uniquely comprises a Korean majority, at 53.7% of the borough's population in 2022.[36] with both the highest Korean-American density and percentage of any municipality in the United States.

South Korean media reports on the riots increased public awareness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States in the 1990s.[37] Although immigration to the United States briefly became less attractive as a result of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, during which many Korean American immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters, the Los Angeles and New York City metropolitan areas still contain by far the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside Korea[38] and continue to attract the largest share of Korean immigrants. In fact, the per capita Korean population of Bergen County, New Jersey, in the New York Metropolitan Area, at 6.5% as of 2022,[39] is the highest of any county in the United States,[40] including all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population per the 2010 U.S. Census,[33] while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park, New Jersey, within Bergen County, is both the highest density and percentage of any municipality in the United States,[41] at 53.7% of the borough's population in 2022.[36]

Since the early 2000s, a substantial number of affluent Korean American professionals have settled in Bergen County, which is home to North American headquarters operations of South Korean chaebols including Samsung,[42] LG Corp,[43] and Hanjin Shipping,[44] and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the Bergen County Academies magnet high school[45] and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey.[46] Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck, New Jersey, within Bergen County, has undertaken an ambitious effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its growing Korean Medical Program, drawing over 1,500 ethnic Korean patients to its annual health festival.[47][48][49][50] Bergen County's Broad Avenue Koreatown in Palisades Park[51] has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture,[52] has been referred to as a "Korean food walk of fame",[53] with diverse offerings,[52] incorporating the highest concentration of Korean restaurants within a one-mile radius in the United States[citation needed] and Broad Avenue has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well;[54] and its Senior Citizens Center in Palisades Park provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit Gangnam Style by South Korean "K-pop" rapper Psy in September 2012;[55] while the nearby Fort Lee Koreatown is also emerging as such. The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands.[56] In January 2019, Christopher Chung was sworn in as the first Korean mayor of Palisades Park and the first mayor from the Korean diaspora in Bergen County.[57]

Bergen County's growing Korean community[58][59][60] was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of Hackensack, New Jersey attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court judgeship in January 2011.[61] Subsequently, in January 2012, the New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for New Jersey Supreme Court justice,[62][63][64] although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee,[65] and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[66] According to The Record of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county's Korean American population – 2010 census figures put it at 56,773[67][68] (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 American Community Survey)[69] – has grown enough to warrant language assistance during elections[70] and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect.[71][72][73] As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County.[74] Described as a historic event, the US$6 million Korean Community Center opened in Tenafly, New Jersey in January 2015, aimed at integrating Bergen County's Korean community into the mainstream.[75]

With the development of the South Korean economy, the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations, prior to repatriation back to Korea. With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China, attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao; as of 2006, their population is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000.[76] There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong, mostly migrant workers and their families; according to Hong Kong's 2001 census, they numbered roughly 5,200, making them the 12th-largest ethnic minority group.[77] Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans. Koreans in Vietnam have grown in number to around 30,000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations, making them Vietnam's second-largest foreign community after the Taiwanese.[78] Korean migration to the Philippines increased in the early 2000s due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea, although this diaspora has declined since 2010; 370,000 Koreans visited the country in 2004 and roughly 46,000 Korean immigrants live there permanently.[79] Though smaller, the number of Koreans in Cambodia has also grown rapidly, almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009.[2] They mostly reside in Phnom Penh, with a smaller number in Siam Reap. They are largely investors involved in the construction industry, though there are also some missionaries and NGO workers.[80] Koreatown, Manhattan in New York City has become described as the "Korean Times Square" and has emerged as the international economic outpost for the Korean chaebol.[81]

Return migration

edit

Koreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both North and South Korea ever since the restoration of Korean independence; perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong Il, born in Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, where his father Kim Il Sung had been serving in the Red Army.[82][83] Postwar migrations of Koreans from throughout the Japanese Empire back to the Korean Peninsula were characterized both bureaucratically and popularly as "repatriation", a restoration of the congruence between the Korean population and its territory.[84] The pre-colonial Korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries or criteria determining who was a citizen; however, the Japanese colonial government had registered all Koreans in a separate family registry, a separation which continued even if an individual Korean migrated to Manchuria or Japan; thus North and South Korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating Korean, and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them, the way Germany had done for post-World War II German expellees.[85] There has also been a return migration of Korean Brazilians back to Korea, spurred by the increasing violence in Brazil.

The largest-scale repatriation activities took place in Japan, where Chongryon sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean residents to North Korea; beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984, nearly 90,000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state, though their ancestral homes were in South Korea. However, word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan, decreasing the popularity of this option. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan, who published a book about his experience, The Aquariums of Pyongyang.[86][87] South Korea, however, was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo during the colonial period; returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan had a large influence on the process of nation-building in South Korea.[88]

Until the 1980s, Soviet Koreans did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the Korean nation.[89] However, roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II, when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan's refusal to grant them transit rights. In 1985, Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea; however, only an additional 1,500 took this offer, with the vast majority of the population remaining on the island of Sakhalin or moving to the Russian Far East instead.[90]

With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s, economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans' decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle. 356,790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea since the reform and opening up of China; almost two-thirds are estimated to be Chaoxianzu.[91] Similarly, some Koryo-saram from Central Asia have also moved to South Korea as guest workers, to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy; remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan, for example, were estimated to exceed US$100 million in 2005.[92] Return migration through arranged marriage is another option, portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film Wedding Campaign, directed by Hwang Byung-kook.[93] However, the Koryo-saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language and the fact that their dialect, Koryo-mar, differs significantly from the Seoul dialect considered standard in the South.[92]

Return migration from the United States has been much less common than that from Japan or the former Soviet Union, as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s Japan or post-Soviet collapse Central Asia. Korean American return migrants have predominantly been entertainers who were either recruited by South Korean talent agencies or had chosen to move there due to the lack of opportunities in the United States; prominent examples include Jae Chong, Johan Kim and Joon Lee (of R&B trio Solid), singers Joon Park (of K-pop group g.o.d) and Brian Joo[94] (of R&B duo Fly to the Sky), hip hop artist and songwriter Jay Park and model and actor Daniel Henney (who initially spoke no Korean).[95][96][97]

Members of the Korean diaspora are able to apply to be buried in Korea upon their death as well. National Mang-Hyang Cemetery in Cheonan now holds the remains of Koreans from around the world, including those who died decades before the cemetery's creation in 1976.[98][99]

North Korean diaspora

edit

These are the numbers of North Korean citizens living abroad in various countries:

Destination Number of North Korean citizens Year Ref.
  Italy 74 2024 [100]
  Sweden 11 2023 [101]
  Japan 24,305 2023 [102]
  Russia 143 2019 [103]
  Ukraine 11 2020 [104]
  Czech Republic 2 2024 [105]
  Azerbaijan 10 2019 [106]
  Austria 45 2011 [106]
  Belarus 19 2019 [107]
  Belgium 42 2011 [106]
  Brazil 136 2010 [106]
  Canada 40 2021 [106]
  Finland 2 2021 [106]
  Germany 1721 2011 [108]
  Greece 45 2011 [106]
  Guinea 1605 2014 [106]
  Hungary 8 2011 [106]
  Luxemburg 3 2011 [106]
  Malta 1 2011 [106]
  Mongolia 7 2020 [106]
  Namibia 43 2011 [106]
  Norway 12 2011 [106]
  Philippines 411 2020 [106]
  Poland 27 2021 [106]
  Portugal 9 2021 [106]
  Serbia 1 2011 [106]
  Spain 29 2021 [106]
   Switzerland 55 2021 [106]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae 다수거주 국가 현황. South Korea: Overseas Koreans Agency. 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c 재외동포현황(2021)/Total number of overseas Koreans (2021). South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2021. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  3. ^ Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). Korean Migration to the Wealthy West. New York: Nova Publishers.
  4. ^ Song 2005, p. 221
  5. ^ Kim 1999, p. 227
  6. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, pp. 42–43
  7. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, p. 27
  8. ^ Yoon, In-Jin (March 2012). "Migration and the Korean Diaspora: A Comparative Description of Five Cases". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 38 (3): 413–435. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2012.658545. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 143696849.
  9. ^ De Sousa 2019, pp. 92–94.
  10. ^ De Sousa 2019, p. 105.
  11. ^ De Sousa 2019, p. 122.
  12. ^ De Sousa 2019, p. 92.
  13. ^ De Sousa 2019, pp. 127–128.
  14. ^ KBS 역사추리 – 임진왜란은 노예전쟁이었다 2부 / KBS 19960913 방송, September 13, 1996, event occurs at 12:41, retrieved February 9, 2024
  15. ^ a b De Sousa 2019, pp. 128–129.
  16. ^ De Sousa 2019, p. 144.
  17. ^ De Sousa 2019, pp. 130–131.
  18. ^ Park, Soo-mee (March 3, 2004). "Following the trail of "The Korean Man"". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  19. ^ De Sousa 2019, pp. 180–181.
  20. ^ Lee Kwang-kyu (2000). Overseas Koreans. Seoul: Jimoondang. ISBN 89-88095-18-9.
  21. ^ a b Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China" (PDF). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Institute for International Economics. pp. Ch. 6: 101–131. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  22. ^ Ban, Byung-yool (September 22, 2004). "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on March 18, 2005. Retrieved November 20, 2006.
  23. ^ NOZAKI, Yoshiki; INOKUCHI Hiromitsu; KIM Tae-Young. "Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century". Japan Focus. Archived from the original on January 25, 2007.
  24. ^ 平成１５年末現在における外国人登録者統計について (in Japanese). Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  25. ^ "Korea-Japan Working Summit in Seoul" (PDF). Korea.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  26. ^ Ligaya Mishan (July 3, 2014). "Giving Uzbekistan Some Beach Flair – Uzbek food in Queens and Brooklyn". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
  27. ^ "The 1965 Immigration Act : Asian-Nation :: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues". Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  28. ^ S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  29. ^ "朝鲜族_中华人民共和国驻印度尼西亚共和国大使馆". id.china-embassy.gov.cn. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
  30. ^ Zhang Tianlu (March 26, 2004). 中国少数民族人口问题研究. National Population and Family Planning Commission of China. Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2007. See section "民族人口生活质量问题研究".
  31. ^ Choi, Kate H. (2004). "Who is identity among African Americans, Asian Americans, and whites" (PDF). Department of Sociology, University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
  32. ^ Korea Statistical Yearbooks for 1972, 1976, 1978. Quoted in Bonacich, Edna; Light, Ivan (1991). Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965–1982. United States: University of California Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0-520-07656-7.
  33. ^ a b James O'Neill (February 22, 2015). "Mahwah library hosts Korean tea ceremony to celebrate new year". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  34. ^ Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc. 2006. ISBN 9781412905565. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  35. ^ "Palisades Park Municipal Court". SpinJ Corporation. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  36. ^ a b "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates Palisades Park borough, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  37. ^ Abelmann; Lie, John (1997). Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. Massachusetts, United States: Harvard University Press.
  38. ^ Chi-Hoon Kim (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City: A Food Lover's... Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190263638. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
  39. ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates Bergen County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  40. ^ Richard Newman (August 30, 2012). "Korean company to buy Fort Lee bank". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  41. ^ RICHARD PÉREZ-PEÑA (December 15, 2010). "PALISADES PARK JOURNAL As Koreans Pour In, a Town Is Remade". The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  42. ^ "Samsung Electronics America, Inc. Company Profile". Hoover's Inc. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  43. ^ Michael W. Curley Jr. (February 7, 2017). "LG breaks ground on Englewood Cliffs HQ". NorthJersey.com – part of the USA TODAY network. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  44. ^ Richard Newman (September 20, 2016). "Stranded container ship gets go-ahead to dock in Elizabeth". NorthJersey.com via Gannett. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  45. ^ "Bergen County Academies Parent Partnership Organization – Korean PPO". Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  46. ^ "The Korean-American Association of New Jersey". Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  47. ^ Aaron Morrison (September 27, 2014). "Korean Medical Program draws 1,500 to Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on September 28, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  48. ^ Karen Rouse (September 29, 2013). "North Jersey Korean health fair data help track risks". North Jersey MediaGroup. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  49. ^ Barbara Williams (October 20, 2012). "Annual Korean health fair draws crowds at Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck". 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  50. ^ Barbara Williams (November 24, 2012). "Holy Name will screen 2,000 for Hepatitis B". 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  51. ^ Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc. 2006. ISBN 9781412905565. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  52. ^ a b "Jersey Dispatch: Bergen County Koreatown". Archived from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  53. ^ Karen Tina Harrison (December 19, 2007). "Thriving Korean communities make Fort Lee and Palisades Park a boon to epicures". Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  54. ^ Elisa Ung (February 9, 2014). "Ung: Destination spot for desserts". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  55. ^ Sachi Fujimori; Elyse Toribio (September 22, 2012). "'Gangnam Style' dance craze catches fire in North Jersey". 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  56. ^ Mary Diduch (September 14, 2013). "Koreans in North Jersey give thanks at harvest festival". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  57. ^ Kristie Cattafi (January 3, 2019). "Palisades Park makes history in Bergen County, swears in first Korean-American mayor". NorthJersey.com - part of the USA TODAY network. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  58. ^ John C. Ensslin (December 20, 2011). "North Jersey Korean-Americans relieved but worried about transition". 2011 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  59. ^ "Korean War vets honored at Cresskill church". 2011 North Jersey Media Group. June 26, 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
  60. ^ "Hackensack attorney appointed to court". 2011 North Jersey Media Group. January 15, 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
  61. ^ "Hackensack attorney appointed to court". 2011 North Jersey Media Group. January 15, 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  62. ^ Monsy Alvarado (January 24, 2012). "North Jersey Koreans welcome state Supreme Court nomination". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  63. ^ Kate Zernike (January 23, 2012). "Christie Names a Gay Man and an Asian for the Top Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  64. ^ Juliet Fletcher (January 23, 2012). "Christie nominates gay black man, Asian to N.J. Supreme Court – video". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  65. ^ Baxter, Christopher (March 25, 2012). "In rejecting Supreme Court nominee Phillip Kwon, Dems send Gov. Christie a message". Star Ledger.
  66. ^ SHAWN BOBURG AND JOHN REITMEYER (July 26, 2012). "Update: Philip Kwon, rejected N.J. Supreme Court nominee, scores a top Port Authority job". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  67. ^ Monsy Alvarado (September 4, 2012). "Bergen County swears in first female Korean-American assistant prosecutor". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  68. ^ Karen Sudol; Dave Sheingold (October 12, 2011). "Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County". 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  69. ^ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Geographies – Bergen County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  70. ^ Karen Sudol; Dave Sheingold (October 12, 2011). "Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  71. ^ John C. Ensslin (August 20, 2012). "After decades of work, Bergen County Koreans have earned political respect". 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  72. ^ Rebecca D. O'Brien (October 14, 2012). "New Jersey's Korean community awakens politically". 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  73. ^ Monsy Alvarado (October 9, 2012). "Korean-Americans to sponsor three debates". 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  74. ^ Monsy Alvarado (May 12, 2014). "South Korean officials, Menendez lead Englewood discussion on improving joint economy". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  75. ^ Deena Yellin (January 30, 2015). "Korean Community Center opens in Tenafly". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  76. ^ 到了中国就不想回国 在华韩国人激增. Wenhua Ribao. April 1, 2006. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
  77. ^ "2001 Population Census Thematic Report – Ethnic Minorities" (PDF). Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department. December 17, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  78. ^ Kelly, Tim (September 18, 2006). "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  79. ^ Meinardus, Ronaldo (December 15, 2005). ""Korean Wave" in Philippines". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  80. ^ Lindstrom, Nora (February 19, 2009). "Phnom Penh, South Korean Style". The Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
  81. ^ Sam Kim, photography by Gary He (July 31, 2018). "NYC's K-Town Isn't What It Used to Be". Vox Media. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2018. Most mom-and-pops are gone, and 32nd Street is now dominated by chains due to high rents and policies in Korea itself.
  82. ^ Chung, Byoung-sun (August 22, 2002). "Sergeyevna Remembers Kim Jong Il". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
  83. ^ Sheets, Lawrence (February 12, 2004). "A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
  84. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, p. 32
  85. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, pp. 40–41
  86. ^ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (February 7, 2005). "Japan's Hidden Role in The 'Return' Of Zainichi Koreans To North Korea". ZNet. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  87. ^ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (March 13, 2007). "The Forgotten Victims of the North Korean Crisis". Nautilus Institute. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
  88. ^ Han, Suk-jung (July 10, 2005). "Imitating the colonizers: The Legacy of the Disciplining State from Manchukuo to South Korea". ZNet. Archived from the original on May 28, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  89. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, p. 33
  90. ^ Lee, Jeanyoung. "Ethnic Korean Migration in Northeast Asia" (PDF). Kyunghee University. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
  91. ^ Kim, Hyung-jin (August 29, 2006). "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2006.
  92. ^ a b Baek, Il-hyun (September 14, 2005). "Scattered Koreans turn homeward". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on November 27, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
  93. ^ Kim, Tae-jong (August 21, 2005). "Farmer Looks for Love in Upcoming 'Wedding Campaign'". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on November 28, 2005. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
  94. ^ Cho, Jaeki (March 7, 2011). "Being Brian". KoreAm. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  95. ^ Song, Jason (January 1, 2007). "Called to star in Asia". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  96. ^ Ito, Robert (February 11, 2007). "Stuck in Asia, dreaming of Hollywood". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  97. ^ Mo, Sin-jeong (May 2, 2006). '플라이투더스카이' 브라이언 "난 뼛속까지 한국인" [Brian of Fly to the Sky: "I'm Korean to the bone"]. Daum Media. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  98. ^ "National Mang-Hyang Cemetery". 국립망향의동산. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  99. ^ 손, 승호. 국립망향의 동산 (國立望鄕의 동산). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  100. ^ http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en [bare URL]
  101. ^ "Foreign citizens by country of citizenship, age and sex. Year 1973 - 2023".
  102. ^ "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 在留外国人統計 月次 2023年6月 | ファイル | 統計データを探す".
  103. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20221203185533/https://xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/dejatelnost/statistics/migracionnaya/ [bare URL]
  104. ^ https://dmsu.gov.ua/assets/files/mig_profil/migprofil_2020.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  105. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/czechia-citizenship2024f.htm
  106. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3a127
  107. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-citizenship2019.htm
  108. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/germany-citizenship-2011-comm/total.htm

Sources

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Korean diaspora.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_diaspora&oldid=1256096988"