Arabia Felix (literally: Fertile/Happy Arabia; also Ancient Greek: Εὐδαίμων Ἀραβία, Eudaemon Arabia) was the Latin name previously used by geographers to describe South Arabia,[1][2] or what is now Yemen.[3]
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Etymology
editThe Latin term Arabia Felix was the Roman translation of the earlier Hellenistic Greek: Εὐδαίμων Ἀραβία, romanized: Eudaimon Arabia, attributed to Eratosthenes of Cyrene.[4][5] Felix has the meanings of both "fecund, fertile" and "happy, fortunate, blessed", this area being the best irrigated of the Arabian peninsula. Arabia Felix, referring to Yemen,[6] was one of the three regions into which the Romans divided the peninsula: Arabia Deserta, Arabia Felix, and Arabia Petraea.
History
editThe southwestern corner of the peninsula experienced more rainfall in ancient times and was thus much greener than the rest of the peninsula, enjoying more productive fields. The high peaks and slopes are capable of supporting significant vegetation and river beds called wadis help make other soil fertile.
Part of what led to Arabia Felix's wealth and importance to the ancient world was its near monopoly of the trade in cinnamon and spices, both its native products and imports from India and the Horn of Africa.[7] Strabo says that Arabia Felix was composed of five kingdoms, one each of warriors, farmers, "those who engage in the mechanical arts; another, the myrrh-bearing country, and another the frankincense-bearing country, although the same countries produce cassia, cinnamon, and nard."[8]
In the 1st century BC, the Arabian city of Eudaemon (usually identified with the port of Aden, and meaning "good spirit" in the sense of angelic beings),[9] in Arabia Felix, was a transshipping port in the Red Sea trade. It was described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (probably 1st century AD) as if it had fallen on hard times. Of the auspiciously named port we read in the periplus that
- Eudaemon Arabia was once a full-fledged city, when vessels from India did not go to Egypt and those of Egypt did not dare sail to places further on, but came only this far.
In 26 BC, Aelius Gallus under Augustus' order led a military expedition to Arabia, but after some beginning successes he was obliged by the unhealthy climate and epidemic to desist in the conquest of the area.[10]
New developments in trade during the 1st century AD led to traders avoiding the middlemen of Eudaemon and making the dangerous direct crossing of the Arabian Sea to the coast of India.
Arabia Felix is the title of the 1962 book by Danish novelist Thorkild Hansen, detailing a disastrous scientific expedition to the area led by Carsten Niebuhr lasting from 1761 to 1767.[11] The historian Lawrence J. Baack in his book, Undying Curiosity: Carsten Niebuhr and the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia, however, says of Hansen's book "While lively and interesting as a novel, Hansen's work is not reliable as a historical study".[12]
References
edit- ^ New Geographical Dictionary (Springfield, Mass., 1972), p. 63.
- ^ Graf, D.; R. Talbert; S. Gillies; T. Elliott; J. Becker (15 December 2020). "Places: 746710 (Arabia Eudaemon)". Pleiades. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
- ^ Sergeant, R. B. & Lewcock, R. (eds.), Sanʻa: An Arabian Islamic City, London 1983
- ^ Arabia Felix. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Roller, Duane W. (2010) Eratosthenes’ Geography. Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Reich, Bernard (1990). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313262135.
- ^ Harding, G Lankester (January–February 1965). "Inside Arabia Felix". Saudi Aramco World. 16 (1). Houston, TX: 24–27. Archived from the original (HTML) on 2009-09-05. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
- ^ Strabo; Jones, Horace Leonard (tr.) (1917). Geography XVI.26. Loeb Classical Library. p. 365. ISBN 9780674990555. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ "eudaemon". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Cassius Dio; Cary, Earnest (tr.); Foster, Herbert B. (tr.) (1917). Roman History LIII.29. Loeb Classical Library. pp. 267–271. ISBN 9780674990920. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Dwyer, Colin (17 June 2017). "In The Refrains Of 'Arabia Felix,' A Reminder: Often The End Is Just A Start". NPR. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
- ^ Baack, Lawrence J (2014). Undying Curiosity: Carsten Niebuhr and the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia (1761-1767). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-515-10768-6.