Eva Klein (née Eva Fischer; born January 22, 1925) is a Hungarian-Swedish scientist. Klein has worked at the Karolinska Institute since leaving Hungary in 1947.[1][2] She is regarded as a founder of cancer immunology.
Eva Klein | |
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 Eva Klein with her husband, George Klein, Stockholm, April 1979 | |
| Born | Eva Fischer 22 January 1925 |
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Her life and career choices as a young Jewish woman were constrained by discrimination, and she survived the late stages of German occupation in hiding.[1] A medical doctor with a PhD in biology, she has worked in cancer immunology and virology.
In the 1960s, she led the discovery of natural killer cells[3][1] and developing Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines.[4][5]
In 1975, the U.S. Cancer Research Institute established the William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Basic and Tumor Immunology. The inaugural award was shared by 16 scientists considered to be "founders of cancer immunology", including Eva and George Klein.[6] Their award noted their "discoveries of tumor-specific antigens in the mouse, to the most comprehensive immunological analysis of a human cancer, Burkitt's lymphoma".[7]
She has pursued her own lines of work as well as working closely with her husband, George Klein.[8] They are both regarded as founders of cancer immunology.[6] They have three children.[5]
Early life and education
editEva Fischer was born on 22 January 1925 in Budapest, Hungary,[9] to a well-to-do Jewish family.[1] She attended private school, with an interest in sports, theater, and science (inspired by the life and work of Marie Curie).[8] Her career choices were constrained by the political situation, with worsening anti-semitism and persecution when Hungary was occupied by Germany after she finished secondary school.[1][8]
Fischer attended medical school at the University of Budapest,[5] and in 1944/45 she and several members of her family survived by hiding at the Histology Institute of the University of Budapest.[1] They were helped by János Szirmai, including forging documents.[1] Szirmai was honored as one of the Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.[10] Fischer broke from her medical studies to act in the theater, but returned to medicine.[8][11]
Eva married another medical student George Klein, leaving Hungary to live in Sweden in 1947.[1] She completed her medical degree at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955.[9]
In addition, Klein has been awarded honorary degrees from the University of Nebraska (in 1993) and the Ohio State University (in 2003).
Career
editKlein became an assistant professor at the Karolinska Institute in 1948, and achieved tenure in 1979.[2] She established her own areas of research from 1948 encouraged by Torbjörn Caspersson from Karolinska's Department of Cell Research and Genetics, while also collaborating closely with her husband throughout her career.[8][11]
Eva Klein has published over 500 papers, and served as an editor of the journal, Seminars in Cancer Biology.[5]
Personal life
editBoth Klein and her husband George Klein worked as they studied for their medical degrees in Stockholm.[1] They had three children: the eldest is a son who is a mathematician, followed by two daughters, one of whom is a medical doctor and the other a playwright.[1][5][8] She defended her PhD thesis when she was eight months pregnant with her second child.[8] Even with live-in help, managing her scientific career and raising three children was a struggle.[1] She has said that her husband was unsupportive of household and childrearing work.[1]
Post-retirement, Klein continues to support students and pursue her research interests as emerita Professor with her own research Group.[8] Another of her interests is translating Hungarian poetry into Swedish.[8][12] She gave an interview to Swedish radio in November 2015, saying that continuing to work keeps her young at 90.[13]
The Kleins undertook wide-ranging pioneering work, jointly and separately, in cancer immunology and how cancer cells' malignant behavior can be suppressed by genes in normal cells.[11][14]
Major achievements and honors
editIn the 1960s, Eva Klein developed cell lines from Burkitt's lymphoma that continue to be used.[4][5]
In the 1970s, the Kleins' research groups were investigating whether there was an interaction between lymphocytes and antitumor response.[1] Eva pursued an area she considered critical, while others did not.[1] She jointly supervised three students (Rolf Kiessling, Hugh Pross and Mikael Jondal) with another Professor (Hans Wigzell), leading to the discovery of a unique type of lymphocyte (white cell) responsible for spontaneous cytotoxicity - the ability to "kill" tumor cells or cells infected with viruses.[3] Klein named them "natural killer cells".[1]
Klein has had a longstanding interest in virology as well as immunology, studying the role of the Epstein–Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma.[15]
Klein became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1987 and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1993.[9] In 2013, she was elected to fellowship of the American Association for Cancer Research Academy.[14][16]
In 2005, the year of the Kleins' 80th birthdays, scientists at the Karolinska Institute established the Georg and Eva Klein Foundation, including a major donation from the Cancer Research Institute.[17]
Klein was awarded the Karolinska's Silver Medal for Medical Research in 2010.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hargittai, Magdolna (2015). Women Scientists: Reflections, Challenges, and Breaking Boundaries. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-0199359981.
- ^ a b "Eva Klein celebrates her 90th Birthday at MTC". Karolinska Institute Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology. Karolinska Institute. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ a b Kiessling, R; Klein, E; Pross, H; Wigzell, H (February 1975). ""Natural" killer cells in the mouse. II. Cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse Moloney leukemia cells. Characteristics of the killer cell". European Journal of Immunology. 5 (2): 117–21. doi:10.1002/eji.1830050209. PMID 1086218. S2CID 2389610.
- ^ a b Nadkarni, JS; Nadkarni, JJ; Clifford, P; Manolov, G; Fenyö, EM; Klein, E (January 1969). "Characteristics of new cell lines derived from Burkitt lymphomas". Cancer. 23 (1): 64–79. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(196901)23:1<64::aid-cncr2820230107>3.0.co;2-m. PMID 4178827.
- ^ a b c d e f "About the Cover". Cancer Immunology Research. 3 (2). February 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ a b "William B. Coley Award". Cancer Research. Cancer Research Institute. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ "Cover Legend" (PDF). Cancer Research. 36 (5). May 1976. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Klein, Eva. "Self-Portrait". Karolinska Institute, Eva Klein Group. Karolinska Institute. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ a b c "Curriculum Vitae - Eva Klein" (PDF). Karolinska Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ "Righteous Among the Nations - Hungary, 2015" (PDF). Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ a b c Klein, G; Klein, E (1989). "How one thing has led to another". Annual Review of Immunology. 7: 1–33. doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.000245. PMID 2653367. S2CID 9016142.
- ^ Klein, Eva. "Poetry: My translation of Hungarian poetry to Swedish" (PDF). Karolinska Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ "Cancer researcher Eva Klein, 90: Work keeps me young". P4 Stockholm. Sverige Radio. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Eva Klein, MD, PhD - Class of 2013". AACR. American Association for Cancer Research. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ "Eva Klein Group". Karolinska Institute, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology. Karolinska Institute. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ "Fellows of the AACR Academy". AACR. American Association for Cancer Research. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ "About the foundation: The Georg and Eva Klein Foundation". mtcexternal.ki.se.preview.binero.se. Karolinska Institute. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ^ "Jubileumsmedaljer". Karolinska Institute. Retrieved 5 December 2015.