Evaporation ponds are artificial ponds with very large surface areas that are designed to efficiently evaporate water by sunlight and expose water to the ambient temperatures.[1] Evaporation ponds are inexpensive to design making it ideal for multiple purposes such as wastewater treatment processes, storage, and extraction of minerals.[2][3] Evaporation ponds differ in usage and result in a wide range of environmental and health effects. [2]
Uses
editExtraction
editSalt evaporation ponds produce salt from seawater.[4] Evaporation ponds are used to extract lithium from underground brine solution. The extracted Lithium is then used to make ion batteries.[5][3] Mines use them to separate ore from water. The ore can be sold for use in different industries. [3] Potash evaporation ponds are used to extract potassium from the mineral rich solution. The potassium extracted is used for products like fertilizer.[6]
Storage
editEvaporation ponds are also used to dispose of brine from desalination plants.[4] Evaporation ponds at contaminated sites remove the water from hazardous waste, which reduces its weight and volume and allows it to be more easily transported and stored.[3][4] Evaporation ponds are used to prevent run off agricultural wastewater contaminants like pesticides, fertilizers and salts from entering bodies of water they would normally flow into. [2]
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Design and operation
editLocation of the evaporation pond should be considered for optimal results. Evaporation ponds are designed to be effective in areas with high amounts of solar radiation, high temperatures, and low wind levels. Evaporation ponds operate best at shallow depths which require a large amount of land usage.[2]A shallow pond covering greater surface area will result in faster rates of evaporation.[2] Evaporation pond liners that range in quality and cost are used to prevent contamination. Evaporation pond liners are categorized as geomembrane, constructed bentonite clay, or natural clay.[7] Each pond liner is prone to leakage and requires regular maintenance. [2] The contents of the evaporation pond depend on the use, the evaporation pond will contain water and the desired contents hoping to be extracted. The desired contents range from waste to minerals. The sun will promote evaporation of water from the pond. The remaining contents are either stored or extracted. [2]
Health impacts
editEvaporation ponds, when not maintained, leak contaminated contents into the environment which directly effect human and animal health.[2] The contents within the evaporation pond can be found to contaminate surrounding soil and surrounding water sources. Contaminated water can contain sources of chemicals and hard metals like selenium which in accumulation can be toxic when ingested by humans or animals.[2][8] Employees working directly with the evaporation ponds may experience acute health conditions like dry skin and irritation from close contact of contents within the pond.[2]
Environmental impacts
editEvaporation ponds pose a threat to environmental sustainability because resources like water, land, and minerals are rapidly used at large scales. These resources are limited in nature. An increasing demand for extracted products and treated wastewater will result in evaporation ponds expanding and related issues worsening until the depletion of these resources.[2] Evaporation ponds are found to increase green house gas emissions and therefore contribute to environmental issues like warming of the planet and ocean acidification. As the pond evaporates, it carries with it volatile pollutants into the air. [2]
Technology
editAdvancing technology has made evaporation pond design and implementation more effective. With new resources such as fabric evaporations for salt-tolerant plants, the ponds' costs and environmental impacts can be mediated.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ladewig, Bradley; Asquith, Benjamin (2012), Ladewig, Bradley; Asquith, Benjamin (eds.), "Evaporation Ponds", Desalination Concentrate Management, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 49–57, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24852-8_7, ISBN 978-3-642-24852-8, retrieved 2022-12-06
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Amoatey, Patrick; Izady, Azizallah; Al-Maktoumi, Ali; Chen, Mingjie; Al-Harthy, Issa; Al-Jabri, Khalifa; Msagati, Titus A. M.; Nkambule, Thabo T. I.; Baawain, Mahad Said (2021-11-20). "A critical review of environmental and public health impacts from the activities of evaporation ponds". Science of the Total Environment. 796: 149065. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.79649065A. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149065. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 34328881.
- ^ a b c d Wanger, Thomas Cherico (June 2011). "The Lithium future-resources, recycling, and the environment: The Lithium future". Conservation Letters. 4 (3): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00166.x. S2CID 55569094.
- ^ a b c Ahmed, Mushtaque; Shayya, Walid H.; Hoey, David; Mahendran, Arun; Morris, Richard; Al-Handaly, Juma (2000-11-01). "Use of evaporation ponds for brine disposal in desalination plants". Desalination. 130 (2): 155–168. Bibcode:2000Desal.130..155A. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00083-7. ISSN 0011-9164.
- ^ Kaunda, Rennie B (2020-07-02). "Potential environmental impacts of lithium mining". Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law. 38 (3): 237–244. Bibcode:2020JENRL..38..237K. doi:10.1080/02646811.2020.1754596. ISSN 0264-6811. S2CID 219452489.
- ^ Ye, Chuanyong; Mao, Jianye; Ren, Yaqiong; Li, Yingping; Lin, Yongjie; Power, Ian M.; Luo, Yangbing (2018-06-01). "Salt Crystallization Sequences of Nonmarine Brine and Their Application for the Formation of Potassium Deposits". Aquatic Geochemistry. 24 (3): 209–229. Bibcode:2018AqGeo..24..209Y. doi:10.1007/s10498-018-9340-3. ISSN 1573-1421. S2CID 135183148.
- ^ Breitenbach, A.J. (September 2006). "Overview of geomembrane history in the mining industry" (PDF). Geosynthetics: 1.
- ^ Mapanda, F.; Nyamadzawo, G.; Nyamangara, J.; Wuta, M. (2007-01-01). "Effects of discharging acid-mine drainage into evaporation ponds lined with clay on chemical quality of the surrounding soil and water". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. Mainstreaming Integrated Water Resources Management in the Development Process. 32 (15): 1366–1375. Bibcode:2007PCE....32.1366M. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.041. ISSN 1474-7065.
- ^ Arnal, J. M.; Sancho, M.; Iborra, I.; Gozálvez, J. M.; Santafé, A.; Lora, J. (2005-11-01). "Concentration of brines from RO desalination plants by natural evaporation". Desalination. Desalination and the Environment. 182 (1): 435–439. Bibcode:2005Desal.182..435A. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.036. ISSN 0011-9164.
- California Department of Water Resources - Evaporation Ponds
- University of Wyoming - Design Information for Evaporation Ponds in Wyoming
- USDA - Turning Evaporation Ponds into Arable Land
- World Bank - AgWater Sourcebook
- Hoque, Shamia; Alexander, Terry; Gurian, Patrick L. (2010-01-01). "Innovative Technologies Increase Evaporation Pond Efficiency". IDA Journal of Desalination and Water Reuse. 2 (1): 72–78. Bibcode:2010IJDWR...2...72H. doi:10.1179/ida.2010.2.1.72. ISSN 1947-7953.
- "Innovative Technologies Increase Evaporation Pond Efficiency". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- "Evaporation Pond | How to Increase Efficiency". AGRU America. 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2021-09-26.