F. D. C. Willard (1968–1982) was the pen name of Chester, a Siamese cat, used on several papers written by his owner, J. H. Hetherington, in physics journals. On one occasion, he was listed as the sole author.
| Other name(s) | Felis Domesticus, Chester. |
|---|---|
| Species | Cat |
| Breed | Siamese cat |
| Sex | Male |
| Born | 1968 |
| Died | 1982 |
| Known for | First cat to co-author and author a physics paper |
| Owner | Jack H. Hetherington |
Background
editIn 1975, the American physicist and mathematician Jack H. Hetherington of Michigan State University wanted to publish some of his research results in the field of low-temperature physics in the scientific journal Physical Review Letters. A colleague, to whom he had given his paper for review, pointed out that Hetherington had used the first person plural, we, in his text, and that the journal would reject this form on submissions with a sole author. Rather than take the time to retype the article to use the singular form, or to bring in a co-author, Hetherington decided to invent one.[1]
Publications
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Hetherington had a Siamese cat named Chester, who had been sired by a Siamese named Willard. Fearing that colleagues might recognize his pet's name, he thought it better to use the pet's initial. Aware that most Americans have at least two given names, he invented two more given names based on the scientific name for a house cat, Felis domesticus, and abbreviated them accordingly as F. D. C. His article, entitled "Two-, Three-, and Four-Atom Exchange Effects in bcc ³He" and written by J. H. Hetherington and F. D. C. Willard, was accepted by the Physical Review and published in number 35 (November 1975).[2][3]
At the 15th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics in 1978 in Grenoble, Hetherington's co-author was exposed: Hetherington had sent some signed copies of his article to friends and colleagues and included the "signature" (paw prints) of his co-author in them.[4] Later, another essay appeared, this time solely authored by F. D. C. Willard, entitled "L'hélium 3 solide. Un antiferromagnétique nucléaire", published (in French) in September 1980 in the French popular science magazine La Recherche.[5][3] Subsequently, Willard disappeared as an author from the professional world.
Reception
editThe unmasking of Hetherington's co-author on the Physical Review essay, which was frequently referenced,[6] caused the co-authorship to become world-famous. The story goes that when inquiries were made to Hetherington's office at Michigan State University, and Hetherington was absent, the callers would ask to speak to the co-author instead.[7] F. D. C. Willard appeared henceforth repeatedly in footnotes, where he was thanked for "useful contributions to the discussion" or oral communications,[1] and even offered a position as a professor.[8] F. D. C. Willard is sometimes included in lists of "Famous Cats" or "Historical Cats". As an April Fool's joke, in 2014 the American Physical Society announced that cat-authored papers, including the Hetherington/Willard paper, would henceforth be open-access (papers of the APS usually require subscription or membership for web access).[9]
See also
edit
- List of animals awarded human credentials
- List of individual cats
- Polly Matzinger (an immunologist who listed her Afghan Hound, Galadriel Mirkwood, as a co-author)
References
edit- ^ a b Zankl, Heinrich (2008), "Einsteins preußischer Schatten und Hetheringtons Kater" [Einstein's Prussian shadow and Hetherington's cat] (PDF), Erlebnis Wissenschaft (in German), Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., pp. 14–15, ISBN 978-3-527-32114-8
- ^ Hetherington, J. H.; Willard, F. D. C. (1975), "Two-, Three-, and Four-Atom Exchange Effects in bcc ³He", Physical Review Letters, 35 (21): 1442–1444, Bibcode:1975PhRvL..35.1442H, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1442
- ^ a b Grundhauser, Eric. (August 30, 2016), "In 1975, a Cat Co-Authored a Physics Paper", Atlas Obscura
- ^ Weber, R.L. (1982), More Random Walks in Science, CRC Press, pp. 110–111, ISBN 978-0-85498-040-6
- ^ Willard, F. D. C. (1980), "L'hélium 3 solide. Un antiferromagnétique nucléaire", La Recherche, 114
- ^ Izuyama, Takeo (1980). "Frequency of Zero Field Resonance in Solid3He". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 49 (5): 2077–2078. Bibcode:1980JPSJ...49.2077I. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.49.2077.
- ^ Academia Obscura, Academic Animals, archived from the original on July 28, 2019
- ^ "Woodruff Letter (from MSU Dean Truman O. Woodruff to Professor Jack Hetherington, dated November 26, 1975)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2015.
- ^ APS Announces New Open Access Initiative, April 2014
Further reading
edit- Sam Stall (January 2007). 100 Cats Who Changed Civilization: History's Most Influential Felines. Quirk Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-59474-163-0.