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Frederic Growse

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Frederic Salmon Growse CIE (1836 – 19 May 1893) was a British civil servant of the Indian Civil Service (ICS), Hindi scholar, archaeologist and collector, who served in Mainpuri, Mathura, Bulandshahr and Fatehpur during British rule in India.

Frederic Growse
Growse engraving at Bulandshahr
Born
Frederic Salmon Growse

1836
Suffolk, England
Died19 May 1893 (aged 56–57)
Haslemere, Surrey, England
OccupationDistrict magistrate and collector for Indian Civil Service
Years active1860–1890
Known for
Notable work

He studied Indian literature and languages, and founded the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart and the Government Museum, both at Mathura. Between 1876 and 1883, he published in series, the first English translation of the Ramayana of Tulsidas. He also wrote Mathurá: A district memoir (1880) and a description of the district of Bulandshahr (1884) and of its new architecture (1886).

Described as "never a persona grata to his superiors", he was nonetheless gazetted CIE in 1879.[1] At Bulandshahr between 1878 and 1884 he caused a number of buildings to be constructed using local designs and craftsmen. In 1882, he donated a collection of Indian pottery to the British Museum.

Early life and education

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Frederic Growse (also spelled Frederick)[2] was born in 1836 in Bildeston, Suffolk, England, the third and youngest son of Robert[3][4][5] and Mary Growse.[6] He matriculated from Oriel College in 1855 and then gained a scholarship at Queen's College, Oxford, from where he received a master's degree after being in the first class of moderations and second class of classics. He was a contemporary of Charles Crosthwaite.[1][3] In 1859, he passed the ICS examination.[1][3] At an unknown date he converted to Catholicism and was described as a "zealous observer of its precepts" but "without any bigotry".[7]

Career

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Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart, Mathura[8]
 
Collector's House, Bulandshahr, 19th century[9]

Having joined the Indian Civil Service in 1860,[1] Growse went to India in either 1860[7] or 1864.[10] He was posted to the North-Western Provinces, one of the regions of British India, where at first he studied Indian literature and languages.[1] In 1868, he was a district assistant in Mainpuri (western UP)[11] and in the 1870s he was appointed district collector at Mathura,[12] the birth place of Krishna.[13] There he built the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart, paying for a third of its cost.[1][7] Its design was based on John Ruskin's principles of architecture, and it was built using local craftsmanship,[13] but was unfinished at the time of his transfer out of the district.[8] He also founded the Government Museum there in 1874.[12]

He was subsequently district magistrate and collector at Bulandshahr where he lived at Collector's House from 1876 to 1884.[9] By that time he was a fellow of Calcutta University.[14] In 1878 he commissioned Mainpuri craftsmen to produce reredos for a Catholic church in Suffolk.[15] At the time, the wife of Robert Moss King, district collector of Meerut, visited Growse in Bulandshahr and noted some detail of the reredos production in her memoirs.[16][a]

At Bulandshahr between 1878 and 1884 he caused a number of buildings to be constructed using native designs and craftsmen which he saw as more in keeping with his "Gothic principles" than the utilitarian colonial buildings preferred by the Public Works Department (PWD).[10] According to Gavin Stamp, Growse so irritated the PWD that they had him moved to another district.[10][18] In May 1884, at a meeting of the Royal Society of Arts, Purdon Clarke, keeper of Indian art at the South Kensington museum, was one of the first to commend the work of Growse in Bulandshahr, crediting particularly his efforts on the Bulandshahr Chowk.[19] He encouraged and assisted in the construction of the Bathing Ghat, Garden Gate and the Town Hall.[19][20] He was one of a few self-professed historians who held the view that Indian architecture was produced through patronage, and achieved by trust rather than written contracts.[21] His work was praised by John Lockwood Kipling in The Journal of Indian Art (1884).[22]

Growse was district magistrate and collector at Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh, from 1885 to 1886 where he produced a supplement to the Fatehpur Gazetteer paying particular attention to architecture and archaeology which had been largely ignored by the author of the original gazetteer in 1884 who Growse thought had probably not visited any of the places about which he had written, relying instead on native informants who were not equipped to comment on such matters.[23]

He donated a collection of Indian pottery to the British Museum in 1882.[24]

Writing

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In 1868 at Mainpuri, Growse produced an article on the Prithviraj Raso, a poem about the 12th-century Hindu Emperor, Prithviraj Chauhan.[11][25]

In 1874, six years after the first local text on the subject was published,[1] the government press at Allahabad published his enlarged version in a book titled Mathura: A District memoir with illustrations by the Autotype Fine Art Company.[1][26] In it he included early Buddhist archeology, and chapters on Hindu sects and the origin of place names.[1]

In Mathura, he became intrigued by the popularity among its ordinary people of the Ramayana of Tulsidas.[27] In 1876 he published his translation into English[14][26] of the original text by Tulsidas. Growse published a revised version in 1880 as a four-volume second edition and published a full version in 1883.[28] It was the first illustrated version of the complete English translation of the Ramcharitmanas,[28] which he completed in Bulandshahr.[14] He writes in the introduction that the epic Sanskrit Ramayana of Valmiki had been translated into several languages including English, but the more popular Hindi version, a retelling of Rama's life, titled Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas, previously had not been translated into English.[14]

In 1884 he published Bulandshahr; or, Sketches of an Indian district; social, historical and architectural.[1] His obituary in the journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland describes this work as "chiefly interesting as showing how he was able to transfer his sympathies from a Hindu to a Musulman population, when the requirements of a bureaucratic regime compelled his removal".[1]

Later life

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Due to ill-health, Growse retired to England in 1890,[3][7] where he lived at Thursley Hall, Haslemere, and was active in the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History.[29] He updated and revised their volume of materials on the history of the Suffolk parish of Bildeston in 1891 which was published in 1892.[30]

Death and legacy

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Growse memorial St Mary's Church Bildeston

Growse died from tuberculosis at Haslemere, Surrey, on 19 May 1893.[1] Probate was granted to Lydia Catherine Growse on an estate of £5,224.[31] Growseganj Gate, one of Bulandshahr's four gates is named for him.[32][33]

In 2014, a seminar was given at the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library titled "Familiarity with the Familiar: Frederick Salmon Growse's Fragmentary Visions of the Architecture of Bulandshahr, 1878–1886".[34]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Elizabeth Augusta Moss King accompanied her husband to India, and on their second tour wrote diaries published in two volumes in 1884.[17]

Selected publications

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Articles

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Books

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Notes of the Quarter (April, May, June, 1893) III Obituary Notices", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 25, Issue 3, July 1893, pp. 650–652. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0014359X
  2. ^ Surrey, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1962. England and Wales Register (1939)
  3. ^ a b c d "Growse, Frederic Salmon – Persons of Indian Studies by Prof. Dr. Klaus Karttunen". 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  4. ^ Luzac's Oriental List and Book Review. Luzac & Company. 1894. p. 118.
  5. ^ Gupta, Rupa; Gupta, Gautam (2021). "9. Frederic Salmon Growse". Forgotten Civilizations: The Rediscovery of India's Lost History. Gurugram: Hachette India. p. 124. ISBN 978-93-91028-47-3.
  6. ^ Frederic Salmon Growse England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975. Family Search. Retrieved 15 April 2021. (subscription required)
  7. ^ a b c d "Obituary", The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record, New Series, Vol. VI, Nos. 11 & 12 (1893). pp. 223–225.
  8. ^ a b Growse, Frederic Salmon (1883). Mathurá: A district memoir. Allahabad: North-western provinces and Oudh government Press. pp. 160–162.
  9. ^ a b "Indian Architecture of To-day as Exemplified in the New Buildings of Bulandshahr District, Part II · Highlights from the Digital Content Library". dcl.dash.umn.edu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Stamp, Gavin. "British Architecture in India 1857–1947", Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 129, No. 5298 (May 1981), pp. 357–379. (subscription required)
  11. ^ a b Talbot, Cynthia (2016). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-107-11856-0.
  12. ^ a b Government Museum, Mathura - Vrindavan. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  13. ^ a b Morris, Jan (2005). Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-19-280596-7.
  14. ^ a b c d Growse, F. S. (1883). "Inside cover and introduction". The Ramayana of Tulsidas. Allahabad. pp. i–xx.
  15. ^ Head, Raymond (1988). "Indian Crafts and Western Design from the Seventeenth Century to the Present". RSA Journal. 136 (5378): 121–122. ISSN 0958-0433. JSTOR 41374508.
  16. ^ King, Augusta Moss (1884). The diary of a civilian's wife in India, 1887-1882. p. 122.
  17. ^ "Robert Moss King 1832-1903". www.natgould.org. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  18. ^ Mayer, Roberta A.; Forest, Lockwood De (2010). Lockwood de Forest: Furnishing the Gilded Age with a Passion for India. Newark: Associated University Presse. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-87413-973-0.
  19. ^ a b Tillotson, G. H. R. (Giles Henry Rupert) (1989). The tradition of Indian architecture : continuity, controversy, and change since 1850. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 84–99. ISBN 978-0-300-04636-6.
  20. ^ "Bulandshahr". The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science, Art, and Finance. 59 (1, 536). Saturday Review, Limited: 457–458. 4 April 1885.
  21. ^ Glover, William (2012). "1. Making Indian modern architects". In Rajagopalan, Mrinalini; Desai, Madhuri Shrikant (eds.). Colonial Frames, Nationalist Histories: Imperial Legacies, Architecture and Modernity. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-0-7546-7880-9.
  22. ^ Swallow, Deborah (2008). "5. Colonial architecture, international exhibitions and official patronage of the Indian artisan: A case of a gateway from Gwalior in the Victoria and Albert museum". In Barringer, Tim; Flynn, Tom (eds.). Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-10687-4.
  23. ^ "Preface" in F. S. Growse. (1887) A Supplement to the Fatehpur Gazetteer. Allahabad: Government Press. pp. 1–3 (p. 1).
  24. ^ "Frederic Salmon Growse". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  25. ^ Talbot, Cynthia, ed. (2015), "Validating Pṛthvīrāj Rāso in colonial India, 1820s–1870s", The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–218, doi:10.1017/CBO9781316339893.007, ISBN 978-1-107-11856-0, retrieved 19 April 2021
  26. ^ a b Bayly, Christopher Alan (1999). Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870. Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-521-57085-9.
  27. ^ Burger, Maya; Pozza, Nicola (2010). India in Translation Through Hindi Literature: A Plurality of Voices. Vol. 2. Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 164–180. ISBN 978-3-0343-0564-8.
  28. ^ a b "The Ramayana of Tulsi Das. Tulsi Das; Frederic Salmon Growse, translator". www.booksofasia.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  29. ^ "List of Members, 1892", Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History, Vol. VIII (1894), Part I, pp. iii–ix (p. v.)
  30. ^ "Parish: Bildeston otherwise Bilston". p.7
  31. ^ 1893 Probate Calendar. p. 256.
  32. ^ "Census of India 2011: Bulandshahr village and town directory". Series 10, PART XII-A.
  33. ^ Nevill, H. R. (1922). District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh Bulandshar Vol-V. Lucknow: Government Branch Press. pp. 204–208.
  34. ^ 49th Annual Report 2014-2015. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi, 2015. p. 28.

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