The Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS; Italian State Railways) Class 690 (Italian: Gruppo 690) was a 4-6-2 'Pacific' steam locomotive for express trains.

FS Class 690
FS locomotive 69001 (later 690.001)
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
Builder
Build date1911–1914
Total produced33
Specifications
Configuration:
 • UIC2′C1′ h4
Gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge
Leading dia.1,090 mm (3 ft 6+78 in)
Driver dia.2,030 mm (6 ft 7+78 in)
Trailing dia.1,360 mm (4 ft 5+12 in)
Length13,430 mm (44 ft 34 in)
Axle load17.1 tonnes (16.8 long tons; 18.8 short tons)
Loco weight87.2 tonnes (85.8 long tons; 96.1 short tons)
Tender weight49.6 tonnes (48.8 long tons; 54.7 short tons)
Total weight136.8 tonnes (134.6 long tons; 150.8 short tons)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacity6,000 kg (13,000 lb)
Water cap.22 m3 (4,840 imp gal; 5,810 US gal)
Firebox:
 • Grate area3.5 m2 (38 sq ft)
Boiler pressure12 kg/cm2 (11.8 bar; 171 psi)
Heating surface210 m2 (2,300 sq ft)
Superheater:
 • Heating area67 m2 (720 sq ft)
CylindersFour, simple
Cylinder size450 mm × 680 mm (17+1116 in × 26+34 in)
Valve gearWalschaerts
Performance figures
Maximum speed130 km/h (81 mph)
Power output1,400 CV (1,030 kW; 1,380 hp)
Tractive effort12,400 kgf (122 kN; 27,300 lbf)
Career
OperatorsFerrovie dello Stato
Numbers
  • new: 69001–69033
  • from 1918: 690.001 – 690.033
DispositionAll rebuilt to class 691 (1928–1934)

Design and construction

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The Class 690 was designed just as the superheater technology was becoming available, allowing the FS to discard what had been a widespread feature on many Italian locomotives, the compound engine, deeming the advantages of the simpler single-expansion engine coupled with superheated steam to be superior.[1]

The English author Peter Michael Kalla-Bishop claims that, just before the production run, a prototype (numbered FS 6901) was built with a number of different features, but was so unsuccessful that it was withdrawn and quietly scrapped after just a few months. However, there is no reference for this claim, which is not repeated in any other document.[2]

The first nine locomotives, all with right-hand drive, were built in 1911 by Ernesto Breda (6) and the Officine Meccaniche (3); the following twenty-four, built in 1914 by Breda (14) and Gio. Ansaldo & C. (10) had left-hand drive. All of them had been designed for an axle load of 18 tons, but since this value was too high for even the current mainline railways, they all entered service with the load on the driving wheels lightened to 17.1 tons. They were the first Italian four-cylinder simple-expansion locomotives that had the feature of having the adjacent cylinders paired together and both served by a single piston valve through crossed ports (a feature shared by the more numerous Class 685). The firebox had to be placed between the rearmost driving wheels and was therefore of trapezoidal shape and relatively small; this feature would prove to be the locomotive's weakness, as it caused poor steaming and was expensive to maintain.[3][2][4]

Operations

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Limited by their high axle load to the Milan-Venice and Milan-Bologna-Florence mainlines, the Class 690 did not prove to be satisfactory, as its poor steaming qualities greatly hampered the performance. While fast (being the first Italian locomotive certified for a mainline top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph) and powerful in absolute terms, relatively speaking its performance was modest – 1400 CV at 90 km/h (1,030 kW; 1,380 hp at 56 mph), while the Class 685 (which was smaller and had a shorter boiler) had a power of 1250 CV at 75 km/h (920 kW; 1,230 hp at 47 mph).[3][5]

As a result, by the end of the 1920s a new three-cylinder Pacific locomotive (to be classified as Class 695) was designed; however, although more powerful than the Class 690, it would have required considerable strengthening of bridges and other infrastructures of the railways it was supposed to work on, because of an axle load of 21 tons. Therefore, a less ambitious plan to rebuild the Class 690 by replacing the boiler and firebox with those of the FS Class 746 was approved. From 1928 to 1934 all thirty-three locomotives were rebuilt into the new Class 691.[6][7]

References

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  1. ^ Cornolò (2014), p. 334.
  2. ^ a b Kalla-Bishop (1986), p. 61.
  3. ^ a b Cornolò (2014), pp. 335–336.
  4. ^ Pedrazzini (1976), pp. 7–8.
  5. ^ Pedrazzini (1976), p. 9.
  6. ^ Cornolò (2014), p. 340–341.
  7. ^ Pedrazzini (1976), pp. 11–12.
  • Cornolò, Giovanni (July 2014). "Locomotive a vapore". TuttoTreno (3).
  • Kalla-Bishop, P. M. (1986). Italian State Railways Steam Locomotives. Abingdon: Tourret Publishing. pp. 61–62. ISBN 0-905878-03-5.
  • Pedrazzini, Claudio (1976). Pacific F.S. Parma: Ermanno Albertelli.