Family tree of Chinese monarchs (1279–1912)

This is a family tree of Chinese monarchs from the Yuan dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty.

Family trees of Chinese monarchs

Yuan dynasty and Northern Yuan

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The following is the Yuan dynasty family tree. Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206. The empire became split beginning with the succession war of his grandsons Kublai Khan and Ariq Boke. Kublai Khan, after defeating his younger brother Ariq Boke, founded the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in the Mongolian Plateau, known as the Northern Yuan; years of reign over the Northern Yuan (up to 1388) are given in brackets.

Long before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the Mongol State (Yeke Mongγol Ulus) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: Huángdì) practically in the Chinese language since Spring 1206 in the First Year of the reign of Genghis Khan (as 成吉思皇帝; 'Genghis Emperor'[1]). However, The Mongol Khagans-Emperors and regents before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271.

Yesükhei Baghatur
123 (1)4 (2)5 (3)6 (4)
BelguteiBekhterTemujin
Genghis Khan
~1162–1227

 
Taizu 太祖
Khagan:
r. 1206–1227
HasarHachiunTemüge
1168–1246
1234
Jochi
 
c. 1181–1227
Chagatai
 
1183–1242
Ögedei Khan
~1186–1241

 
Taizong 太宗
Khagan:
r. 1229–1241
Töregene
Great Khatun
1242–1246
Tolui
~1190–1232

 
Ruizong 睿宗
(Khagan:
r. 1227–1229)
11234
Oghul Qaimish
d. 1251
Khagan:
r. 1248–1251
Güyük Khan
~1206–1248


Dingzong 定宗
Khagan:
r. 1246–1248
Möngke Khan
~1208–1259


Xianzong 憲宗
Khagan:
r. 1251–1259
Kublai Khan
1215–1294
 
Khagan:
r. 1260–1271

Shizu 世祖
r. 1271–1294
Hulagu
~1217–1265
 
Ilkhan 1256–1265
Ariq Böke
d. 1266
 
Khagan:
r. 1259–1264
2
Zhenjin 真金
1243–1286

Yuzong 裕宗
123
Gammala
1263–1302
Xianzong 顯宗
Darmabala
1264–1292

Shunzong 順宗
Temür
Öljeytü Khan
1265–1307

 
Chengzong 成宗
r. 1294–1307
112
Yesün Temür Khan
1293–1328


Taiding 泰定
r. 1323–1328
Kayishan
Külüg Khan
1281–1311

 
Wuzong 武宗
r. 1307–1311
Ayurbarwada
Buyantu Khan
1285–1320

 
Renzong 仁宗
r. 1311–1320
1121
Ragibagh Khan
~1320–1328?


Tianshun 天順
r. 1328
Kuśala
Khutughtu Khan
1300–1329


Mingzong 明宗
r. 1329
Tugh Temür
Jayaatu Khan
1304–1332

 
Wenzong 文宗
r. 1328–1329;
1329–1332
Shidibala
Gegeen Khan
1303–1323


Yingzong 英宗
r. 1321–1323
12
Toghun Temür
Ukhaantu Khan
1320–1370


Huizong 惠宗
r. 1333–1368 (–1370)
Rinchinbal Khan
1326–1332

 
Ningzong 寧宗
1332
Northern
Yuan
Ayushiridara
Biligtü Khan


Zhaozong 昭宗
r. 1370–1378
Tögüs Temür
Uskhal Khan


Yizong 益宗
r. 1378–1388

Ming dynasty and Southern Ming

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The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644.

Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign. In China, Ming emperors are best known by their temple names, which are given second below, after the personal name. (The Jianwen Emperor was not awarded a temple name: his posthumous name, Huidi (惠帝), is used instead.) The names given in bold are era names, the form by which Ming emperors are most commonly known in English, but which technically refer to the timespan of an emperor's reign rather than to the emperor himself. (Xingzong and Ruizong are temple names: they never actually ruled, but Xingzong was posthumously granted an emperor's title and Ruizong was raised posthumously to the status of emperor by his son, the Jiajing Emperor, in the Great Rites Controversy.) The imperial family's original family name was Zhu (朱), but the Hongwu Emperor adopted the dynastic name Ming (明) (as were all but one imperial Chinese dynasties), meaning "brilliant". The numbers here indicate the seniority in birth of an emperor's sons as the Ming Dynasty was the only Chinese dynasty to have the eldest surviving son succeed the throne in continuous fashion (though not for the Yongle, from whom all subsequent Ming emperors descend and Jingtai Emperors – both of whom usurped the throne; while the Jiajing – see above, and Chongzhen Emperors succeeded sonless brother), not unlike the Salic Law practised in some contemporary European monarchies (except that the eldest son by a non-principal consort was duly considered). After the fall of the dynasty in 1644 and the Chongzhen Emperor's suicide, a series of Ming princes based in the south of China claimed the imperial title, their court being known as the Southern Ming. These claimants are given with their era names, and the timespans of their purported reigns in brackets. Their purported periods of rule are given in brackets. In 1662, Koxinga regained control of Taiwan from the Dutch colonial regime, and established a state for those who wished restore the Ming dynasty to power. This state lasted until 1683, when it submitted to the Qing dynasty.

Legend:

Zhu Yuanzhang
朱元璋
1328–1398

 
Taizu 太祖
Hongwu 洪武
r. 1368–1398
14101723
Zhu Biao 朱標
1355–1392
Xingzong 興宗
Zhu Di 朱棣
1360–1424

 
Chengzu 成祖
Yongle 永樂
r. 1402–1424
Zhu Tan
朱檀
1370–1389
Prince Huang
of Lu 魯荒王
Zhu Quan
朱權
1378–1448
Prince of
Ning 寧王
Zhu Jing
朱桱
1388–1415
Prince Ding
of Tang 唐定王
211
Zhu Yunwen 朱允炆
1377–1402?

 
Huidi 惠帝
Jianwen 建文
r. 1398–1402
Zhu Gaochi 朱高熾
1378–1425

 
Renzong 仁宗
Hongxi 洪熙
r. 1424–1425
Zhu Zhaohui
朱肇煇
1388–1466
Prince Jing
of Lu
Zhu Qiongda
朱瓊炟
d. 1475
Prince Xian
of Tang 唐憲王
1171
Zhu Wenkui
文奎
1396-?
Zhu Zhanji 朱瞻基
1399–1435

 
Xuanzong 宣宗
Xuande 宣德
r. 1425–1435
Zhu Zhanyu
朱瞻墺
1409–1446
Prince Jing
of Huai 淮靖王
Zhu Taikan
朱泰堪
1412–1473
Prince Hui
of Lu 魯惠王
Zhu Zhizhi
朱芝址
d. 1485
Prince Zhuang
of Tang 唐莊王
121
Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮
1427–1464

 
Yingzong 英宗
Zhengtong 正统
r. 1435–1449
Tianshun 天順
r. 1457–1464
Zhu Qiyu 朱祁鈺
1428–1457

 
Daizong 代宗
Jingtai 景泰
r. 1449–1457
Zhu Qiquan
朱祁銓
1435–1502
Prince Kang
of Huai 淮康王
Zhu Yangzhu
朱陽鑄
1448–1523
Prince Zhuāng
of Lu 魯莊王
Zhu Miqian
朱彌鉗
Prince Gong
of Tang 唐恭王
11
Zhu Jianshen 朱見深
1447–1487

 
Xianzong 憲宗
Chenghua 成化
r. 1464–1487
Zhu Jiandian
朱見澱
?–1502
Prince Duan
of Huai 淮端王
Zhu Dangcong
朱當漎
1473–1505
Prince Huai
of Lu 魯懷王
Zhu Yuwen
朱宇溫
d. 1560
Prince Jing
of Tang 唐敬王
341
Zhu Youcheng 朱祐樘
1470–1505

 
Xiaozong 孝宗
Hongzhi 弘治
r. 1487–1505
Zhu Youyuan 朱祐杬
1476–1519

 
Ruizong 睿宗
Zhu Youkui
祐楑
1500–1537
Prince Zhuang
of Huai 淮莊王
Zhu Jianyi
朱健杙
1494–1520
Prince Dao
of Lu 魯悼王
Zhu Zhouyong
朱宙栐
d.1564
Prince Shun
of Tang 唐順王
121
Zhu Houzhao 朱厚照
1491–1521

 
Wuzong 武宗
Zhengde 正德
r. 1505–1521
Zhu Houcong 朱厚熜
1507–1567

 
Shizong 世宗
Jiajing 嘉靖
r. 1521–1567
Zhu Houchou
朱厚燽
1519–1563
Prince Xian
of Huai 淮宪王
𤊟
1520–1549
Prince Duan
of Lu 魯端王
Zhu Shuohuang
朱碩熿
d. 1632
Prince Duan
of Tang 唐端王
31
Zhu Zaiji 朱載坖
1537–1572

 
Muzong 穆宗
Longqing 隆慶
r. 1567–1572
Zhu Zaijian
朱载坚
?–1595
Prince Shun
of Huai 淮顺王
Zhu Yitan
朱頤坦
?–1594
Prince Gong
of Lu 魯恭王
Zhu Qisheng
朱器墭
Prince Yu
of Tang 唐裕王
349
Zhu Yijun 朱翊鈞
1563–1620

 
Shenzong 神宗
Wanli 萬曆
r. 1572–1620
Zhu Yiliu
朱翊镠
1568–1614
Prince of Lu
Zhū Yiju
朱翊鉅
?–1616
Prince of Huai
淮王
Zhu Shouyong
朱壽鏞
?–1639
Prince Su
of Lu 魯肅王
Zhu Yujian 朱聿鍵
1602–1646
 
Prince of Tang
唐王

Longwu 隆武
1645–1646
Zhu Yuyue
朱聿𨮁
1605–1646
Prince of Tang 唐王

Shaowu 紹武
r. 1646
13735
Zhu Changluo 朱常洛
1582–1620

 
Guangzong 光宗
Taichang 泰昌
r. 1620
Zhu Changxun
朱常洵
1586–1641
Prince Zhong
of Fu 福忠王
Zhu
Changying
朱常瀛
1601–1645
Prince Duan of Gui
桂端王
Zhu
Changfang

朱常淓
1608–1646
Prince of Lu 潞王
Zhu Changqing
朱常清
d.1649
Prince of Huai

Dongwu 東武
r. 1648–1649
Zhu Yihai
朱以海
1618–1662

Gengyin
r. 1645–1655
Zheng
Chenggong
鄭成功
1624–1662

Koxinga 國姓爺
Ruler of
the Tungning

r. 1661–1662
1584
Zhu Youjiao 朱由校
1605–1627

 
Xizong 熹宗
Tianqi 天啟
r. 1620–1627
Zhu Youjian 朱由檢
1611–1644


Sizong 思宗
Chongzhen
崇禎

r. 1627–1644
Zhu Yousong
朱由崧
1607–1646
Prince of Fu 福王

Hongguang
弘光
r. 1644–1645
Zhu Youlang
朱由榔
1623–1662
Prince of Gui 桂王

Yongli 永曆
r. 1646–1662
Zhu Honghuan
朱弘桓
Zhèng Shì

Later Jin and Qing dynasty

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The following is a simplified family tree for the Qing dynasty, which was established in 1636, ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912.

Those who became emperor of China are listed in bold, with their years of reign. Nurhaci was Khan of Later Jin from 1616 to 1626. Hong Taiji was Khan of Later Jin from 1626 to 1636, and Emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1636 to 1643. During these periods, the two monarchs only dominated Manchuria, but were not emperors of China as a whole; their years of reign over the dynasty are therefore given in brackets. The names given for emperors are era names, the form by which Qing emperors were most commonly known (with the exception of Puyi, who ruled as the Xuantong Emperor, but was generally known by his given name after his deposition). Puyi abdicated as head of state on February 12, 1912, but was permitted to retain his imperial titles until 1924. The imperial family's original Manchu clan name was Aisin Gioro (lit. "golden clan"). The dynasty was originally titled the Later Jin, in reference to its origins in the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234), by Nurhaci in 1616, but in 1636 Hong Taiji opted to replace this title with the Chinese dynastic title Qing (清), meaning "clear" or "pure".

Family Tree

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Giocangga
昌安
d.1582
Taksi 塔克世
d. 1583
"Xianzu" 顯祖
13
Nurhaci
努爾哈赤
1559–1626

 
Taizu 太祖
r. 1616–1626
Šurhaci
舒爾哈齊
1564–1611
Prince Zhuang
of the First Rank

莊親王
1278121314156
Cuyen

1580–1615

Crown Prince
Guanglue
廣略太子
Daišan 代善
1583–1648
 
Prince Li Lie
of the First Rank

禮烈親王
Abatai
阿巴泰
1589–1646
Prince Rao Yu of
the Second Rank
Hong Taiji
皇太極
1592–1643

 
Taizong 太宗
r. 1626–1643
Ajige
阿濟格
1605–1651
Prince Ying
of the First Rank
Laimbu 賴慕布
1612–1646
Bulwark Duke
輔國公
Dorgon
多爾袞
1612–1650
 
Prince Rui Zhong
of the First Rank

睿忠親王
Dodo
多鐸
1614–1649
 
Prince Yu Tong of
the First Rank

豫通親王
Jirgalang
濟爾哈朗
1599–1655
Prince Zheng Xian
of the First Rank

鄭獻親王
159
Yoto

1599–1639
Prince Keqin
of the Second Rank

克勤郡王
Sahaliyan
薩哈璘
1604–1636
Prince Ying Yi
of the First Rank

穎毅親王
Hooge
豪格
1609–1647
 Prince Su Wu
of the First Rank

肅武親王
Shuosai
碩塞
1627–1654
Prince Chengze Yu
of the First Rank

承澤裕親王
Fulin 福臨
1638–1661

 
Shunzhi 順治
Shizu 世祖
r. 1643–1644– 
–1661
3
Lekdehun
剋德渾
1619–1652
Prince
Shuncheng Gonghui
of the Second Rank

順承恭惠郡王
Xuanye 玄燁
1654–1722

 
Kangxi 康熙
Shengzu 聖祖
r. 1661–1722
1234891314
Yunzhi
1672–1734
Prince Zhi
of the
Second Rank

直郡王
Yinreng 胤礽
1674–1725
 
Prince Li Mi
of the First Rank

理密親王
Yinzhi 胤祉
1677–1732
 
Prince Cheng Yin
of the First Rank

誠隱親王
Yinzhen 胤禛
1678–1735

 
Yongzheng
雍正

Shizong 世宗
r. 1723–1735
Yinsi
胤禩
 
1681–1726
Yuntang
允禟
 
1683–1726
Yinxiang
胤祥
1686–1730
 
Prince Yi Xian
of the First Rank

怡賢親王
Yinti 胤禵
1688–1756
 
Prince Xun Qin
of the Second
Rank
恂勤郡王
4
Hongli 弘曆
1711–1799

 
Qianlong 乾隆
Gaozong 高宗
r. 1735–1796
51517
Yongqi

1741–1766
Prince Rongchun
of the First Rank

榮純親王
Yongyan 顒琰
1760–1820

 
Jiaqing 嘉慶
Renzong 仁宗
r. 1796–1820
Yonglin
永璘
1766–1820
Prince Qingxi
of the First Rank

慶僖親王
234
Minning 旻寧
1782–1850

 
Daoguang 道光
Xuanzong 宣宗
r. 1820–1850
Miankai
綿愷
Prince Dun
of the First Rank

1795–1838
Mianxin
綿忻
Prince Rui
of the First Rank

1805–1828
Mianxing
綿性
Fuguo Gong
輔國公
45671
Yizhu 奕詝
1831–1861

 
Xianfeng 咸豐
Wenzong 文宗
r. 1850–1861
Yicong
奕誴
1831–1889
 
Prince Dunke
of the First Rank

惇恪親王
Yixin
奕訢
1833–1898
 
Prince Gongzhong
of the First Rank

恭忠親王
Yixuan
奕譞
1840–1891
 
Prince Chunxian
of the First Rank

醇賢親王
Yizhi
奕誌
1827–1850
Yikuang
奕劻
1838–1917
 
Prince Qingmi
of the First Rank

慶密親王
121571
Zaichun 載淳
1856–1875

 
Tongzhi 同治
Muzong 穆宗
r. 1861–1875
Zaiyi 載漪
1856–1922
 
Prince Duan
of the
Second Rank

端郡王
Zaitian 載湉
1871–1908

 
Guangxu 光緒
Dezong 德宗
r. 1875–1908
Zaifeng
載灃
1883–1951
 
Prince Chun
of the First Rank

醇親王
Zaitao
載濤
 
1887–1970
Beile 貝勒
Zaizhen
載振
1876–1947
 
Prince Qing
of the First Rank
124
Puyi 溥儀
1906–1967

 
Xuantong
宣統

r. 1908–1912
Pujie 溥傑
1907–1994
Puren 溥任
1918–2015

References

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  1. ^ "太祖本纪 [Chronicle of Taizu]". 元史 [History of Yuan] (in Literary Chinese). 元年丙寅,大会诸王群臣,建九斿白旗,即皇帝位于斡难河之源,诸王群臣共上尊号曰成吉思皇帝["Genghis Huangdi"]。