Fedchenko (Ukrainian: Федченко), sometimes transliterated Fedtschenko, is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Alexei Fedchenko (1844–1873), Russian explorer and naturalist
- Boris Fedtschenko (1872–1947), Russian phytopathologist, son of Alexei
- Olga Fedchenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist, wife of Alexei