Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP-alpha) also known as prolyl endopeptidase FAP is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FAP gene.[5]
Prolyl endopeptidase FAP is a 170 kDa membrane-bound gelatinase. It was independently identified as a surface glycoprotein recognized by the F19 monoclonal antibody in activated fibroblasts[6] and a Surface Expressed Protease (seprase) in invasive melanoma cells.[7][8]
Structure and enzymatic activity
editFAP is a 760 amino acid long type II transmembrane glycoprotein. It contains a very short cytoplasmic N terminal part (6 amino acids), a transmembrane region (amino acids 7–26), and a large extracellular part with an alpha/beta-hydrolase domain and an eight-bladed beta-propeller domain.[9][10]
A soluble form of FAP, which lacks the intracellular and transmembrane part, is present in blood plasma.[11] FAP is a non-classical serine protease, which belongs to the S9B prolyl oligopeptidase subfamily. Other members of the S9B subfamily are DPPIV, DPP8 and DPP9.[12] FAP is most closely related to DPPIV (approximately 50% of their amino acids are identical). The active site of FAP is localized in the extracellular part of the protein and contains a catalytic triad composed of Ser624 Asp702 His734 in humans and mice.[10] FAP is catalytically active as a 170kD homodimer and has a dipeptidase and an endopeptidase activity.
Several bioactive peptides and structural proteins were reported to be cleaved by FAP, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), Peptide YY, Substance P (SP), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP),[13] human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), human alpha2 antiplasmin and denatured collagen I and III. NPY, FGF-21 and alpha2 antiplasmin are considered to be physiological FAP substrates.[14][15]
Expression and possible function
editFAP expression under physiological conditions is very low in the majority of adult tissues. FAP is nevertheless expressed during embryonic development,[16] and in adults in pancreatic alpha cells[17] in multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BM-MSC)[18] and uterine stroma.[19]
FAP expression is high in reactive stromal fibroblasts of epithelial cancers, granulation tissue of healing wounds, and malignant cells of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. FAP is thought to be involved in the control of fibroblast growth or epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development, tissue repair, and epithelial carcinogenesis.[5]
Clinical significance
editFAP expression is seen on activated stromal fibroblasts of more than 90% of all human carcinomas.[14][15] Stromal fibroblasts play an important role in the development, growth and metastasis of carcinomas. Several approaches of FAP targeting mainly in cancer treatment are currently being tested including the use of low molecular weight inhibitors, prodrugs activated by FAP, various anti-FAP antibodies and their conjugates, FAP-CAR T cells, and FAP vaccines.[15]
By cleaving FGF-21, FAP is also thought to play a possible role in energy metabolism.[20]
Talabostat is an inhibitor of FAP and related enzymes, for which clinical trials have been done, but further research is suspended.
Sibrotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against FAP.
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000078098 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000392 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: fibroblast activation protein, alpha".
- ^ Garin-Chesa P, Old LJ, Rettig WJ (September 1990). "Cell surface glycoprotein of reactive stromal fibroblasts as a potential antibody target in human epithelial cancers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (18): 7235–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.7235G. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.18.7235. PMC 54718. PMID 2402505.
- ^ Monsky WL, Lin CY, Aoyama A, Kelly T, Akiyama SK, Mueller SC, Chen WT (November 1994). "A potential marker protease of invasiveness, seprase, is localized on invadopodia of human malignant melanoma cells". Cancer Research. 54 (21): 5702–10. PMID 7923219.
- ^ Aoyama A, Chen WT (November 1990). "A 170-kDa membrane-bound protease is associated with the expression of invasiveness by human malignant melanoma cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (21): 8296–300. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.8296A. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.21.8296. PMC 54942. PMID 2172980.
- ^ PDB: 1Z68; Aertgeerts K, Levin I, Shi L, Snell GP, Jennings A, Prasad GS, Zhang Y, Kraus ML, Salakian S, Sridhar V, Wijnands R, Tennant MG (May 2005). "Structural and kinetic analysis of the substrate specificity of human fibroblast activation protein alpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (20): 19441–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C500092200. PMID 15809306. S2CID 25810686.
- ^ a b Goldstein LA, Ghersi G, Piñeiro-Sánchez ML, Salamone M, Yeh Y, Flessate D, Chen WT (July 1997). "Molecular cloning of seprase: a serine integral membrane protease from human melanoma". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1361 (1): 11–9. doi:10.1016/S0925-4439(97)00032-X. PMID 9247085.
- ^ Lee KN, Jackson KW, Christiansen VJ, Lee CS, Chun JG, McKee PA (February 2006). "Antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme is a soluble form of fibroblast activation protein". Blood. 107 (4): 1397–404. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-08-3452. PMID 16223769. S2CID 17654245.
- ^ "Merops: the peptidase database". Archived from the original on 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
- ^ Keane FM, Nadvi NA, Yao TW, Gorrell MD (April 2011). "Neuropeptide Y, B-type natriuretic peptide, substance P and peptide YY are novel substrates of fibroblast activation protein-α". The FEBS Journal. 278 (8): 1316–32. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08051.x. PMID 21314817. S2CID 33826473.
- ^ a b Puré E, Blomberg R (August 2018). "Pro-tumorigenic roles of fibroblast activation protein in cancer: back to the basics". Oncogene. 37 (32): 4343–4357. doi:10.1038/s41388-018-0275-3. PMC 6092565. PMID 29720723.
- ^ a b c Busek P, Mateu R, Zubal M, Kotackova L, Sedo A (June 2018). "Targeting fibroblast activation protein in cancer - Prospects and caveats". Frontiers in Bioscience. 23 (10): 1933–1968. doi:10.2741/4682. PMID 29772538.
- ^ Niedermeyer J, Garin-Chesa P, Kriz M, Hilberg F, Mueller E, Bamberger U, Rettig WJ, Schnapp A (April 2001). "Expression of the fibroblast activation protein during mouse embryo development". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 45 (2): 445–7. PMID 11330865.
- ^ Busek P, Hrabal P, Fric P, Sedo A (May 2015). "Co-expression of the homologous proteases fibroblast activation protein and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV in the adult human Langerhans islets". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 143 (5): 497–504. doi:10.1007/s00418-014-1292-0. PMID 25361590. S2CID 788806.
- ^ Bae S, Park CW, Son HK, Ju HK, Paik D, Jeon CJ, Koh GY, Kim J, Kim H (September 2008). "Fibroblast activation protein alpha identifies mesenchymal stromal cells from human bone marrow". British Journal of Haematology. 142 (5): 827–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07241.x. PMID 18510677. S2CID 40643695.
- ^ Dolznig H, Schweifer N, Puri C, Kraut N, Rettig WJ, Kerjaschki D, Garin-Chesa P (August 2005). "Characterization of cancer stroma markers: in silico analysis of an mRNA expression database for fibroblast activation protein and endosialin". Cancer Immunity. 5: 10. PMID 16076089.
- ^ Sánchez-Garrido MA, Habegger KM, Clemmensen C, Holleman C, Müller TD, Perez-Tilve D, Li P, Agrawal AS, Finan B, Drucker DJ, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD, Kharitonenkov A (October 2016). "Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a novel metabolic target". Molecular Metabolism. 5 (10): 1015–1024. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.003. PMC 5034526. PMID 27689014.
Further reading
edit- Rettig WJ, Su SL, Fortunato SR, Scanlan MJ, Raj BK, Garin-Chesa P, Healey JH, Old LJ (August 1994). "Fibroblast activation protein: purification, epitope mapping and induction by growth factors". International Journal of Cancer. 58 (3): 385–92. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910580314. PMID 7519584. S2CID 26488735.
- Mathew S, Scanlan MJ, Mohan Raj BK, Murty VV, Garin-Chesa P, Old LJ, Rettig WJ, Chaganti RS (January 1995). "The gene for fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), a putative cell surface-bound serine protease expressed in cancer stroma and wound healing, maps to chromosome band 2q23". Genomics. 25 (1): 335–7. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80157-H. PMID 7774951.
- Scanlan MJ, Raj BK, Calvo B, Garin-Chesa P, Sanz-Moncasi MP, Healey JH, Old LJ, Rettig WJ (June 1994). "Molecular cloning of fibroblast activation protein alpha, a member of the serine protease family selectively expressed in stromal fibroblasts of epithelial cancers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (12): 5657–61. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.5657S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.12.5657. PMC 44055. PMID 7911242.
- Piñeiro-Sánchez ML, Goldstein LA, Dodt J, Howard L, Yeh Y, Tran H, Argraves WS, Chen WT (March 1997). "Identification of the 170-kDa melanoma membrane-bound gelatinase (seprase) as a serine integral membrane protease". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (12): 7595–601. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.12.7595. PMID 9065413. S2CID 27391619.
- Goldstein LA, Ghersi G, Piñeiro-Sánchez ML, Salamone M, Yeh Y, Flessate D, Chen WT (July 1997). "Molecular cloning of seprase: a serine integral membrane protease from human melanoma". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1361 (1): 11–9. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00032-x. PMID 9247085.
- Goldstein LA, Chen WT (January 2000). "Identification of an alternatively spliced seprase mRNA that encodes a novel intracellular isoform". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (4): 2554–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.4.2554. PMID 10644713. S2CID 45385101.
- Ghersi G, Dong H, Goldstein LA, Yeh Y, Hakkinen L, Larjava HS, Chen WT (August 2002). "Regulation of fibroblast migration on collagenous matrix by a cell surface peptidase complex". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (32): 29231–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202770200. PMID 12023964. S2CID 23470018.
- Levy MT, McCaughan GW, Marinos G, Gorrell MD (April 2002). "Intrahepatic expression of the hepatic stellate cell marker fibroblast activation protein correlates with the degree of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infection". Liver. 22 (2): 93–101. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.01503.x. PMID 12028401.
- Artym VV, Kindzelskii AL, Chen WT, Petty HR (October 2002). "Molecular proximity of seprase and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on malignant melanoma cell membranes: dependence on beta1 integrins and the cytoskeleton". Carcinogenesis. 23 (10): 1593–601. doi:10.1093/carcin/23.10.1593. PMID 12376466.
- Gorrell MD, Wang XM, Levy MT, Kable E, Marinos G, Cox G, McCaughan GW (2004). "Intrahepatic Expression of Collagen and Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) in Hepatitis C Virus Infection". Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidases in Health and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 524. pp. 235–43. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.535.3436. doi:10.1007/0-306-47920-6_28. ISBN 978-0-306-47717-1. PMID 12675244.
- Jin X, Iwasa S, Okada K, Mitsumata M, Ooi A (2003). "Expression patterns of seprase, a membrane serine protease, in cervical carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasm". Anticancer Research. 23 (4): 3195–8. PMID 12926053.
- Iwasa S, Jin X, Okada K, Mitsumata M, Ooi A (September 2003). "Increased expression of seprase, a membrane-type serine protease, is associated with lymph node metastasis in human colorectal cancer". Cancer Letters. 199 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00315-X. PMID 12963128.
- Goodman JD, Rozypal TL, Kelly T (2003). "Seprase, a membrane-bound protease, alleviates the serum growth requirement of human breast cancer cells". Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 20 (5): 459–70. doi:10.1023/A:1025493605850. PMID 14524536. S2CID 1511984.
- Okada K, Chen WT, Iwasa S, Jin X, Yamane T, Ooi A, Mitsumata M (2004). "Seprase, a membrane-type serine protease, has different expression patterns in intestinal- and diffuse-type gastric cancer". Oncology. 65 (4): 363–70. doi:10.1159/000074650. PMID 14707457. S2CID 41823279.
- Cheng JD, Valianou M, Canutescu AA, Jaffe EK, Lee HO, Wang H, Lai JH, Bachovchin WW, Weiner LM (March 2005). "Abrogation of fibroblast activation protein enzymatic activity attenuates tumor growth". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 4 (3): 351–60. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-04-0269. PMID 15767544.
- Aertgeerts K, Levin I, Shi L, Snell GP, Jennings A, Prasad GS, Zhang Y, Kraus ML, Salakian S, Sridhar V, Wijnands R, Tennant MG (May 2005). "Structural and kinetic analysis of the substrate specificity of human fibroblast activation protein alpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (20): 19441–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C500092200. PMID 15809306. S2CID 25810686.
- Fassnacht M, Lee J, Milazzo C, Boczkowski D, Su Z, Nair S, Gilboa E (August 2005). "Induction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to the human stromal antigen, fibroblast activation protein: implication for cancer immunotherapy". Clinical Cancer Research. 11 (15): 5566–71. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0699. PMID 16061874. S2CID 13455377.
