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In Linguistics, specifically in Generative Syntax, the Final-over-Final Constraint (FOFC) is a proposed[1] constraint in word-order variation in natural language concerning the hierarchical structure seen in Extended Projections, which asserts that a Head-Final phrase cannot immediately dominate a Head-Initial phrase if they are in the same extended projection. The Final-over-Final constraint has been suggested as a potential Linguistic Universal,[2] following the Chomskyan research program in which the existence of linguistic universals is assumed to arise from an innate biological component of the language faculty that allows humans to learn language. Specifically, it is defined as:
Final-over-Final Constraint: If and are members of the same extended projection, then a Head-Final cannot immediately dominate a Head-Initial , as below:[2]
![Head final '"`UNIQ--postMath-00000005-QINU`"' immediately dominates head-initial '"`UNIQ--postMath-00000006-QINU`"', violating the Final-over-Final constraint.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Final_over_Final_Constraint_Violation.png/242px-Final_over_Final_Constraint_Violation.png)
This effect was first noticed by Anders Holmberg in Finnish, when comparing it with the similarly disharmonic Head-Initial over Head-Final structure:.[3][2]
Kyllä
indeed
se
he
[AuxP
onAux
has
[VP
ostanutV
bought
auton]]
car
'He has indeed bought a car'
Kyllä
indeed
se
he
[AuxP
[VP
auton
car
ostanutV]
bought
onAux]
has
Kyllä
indeed
se
he
[AuxP
onAux
has
[VP
auton]
car
onAux]
bought
*Kyllä
indeed
se
he
[AuxP
[VP
ostanutV
bought
auton]
car
onAux]
has
(Holmberg, 2000)
Accounting for the FOFC with the Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA)
editBiberauer, Holmberg and Roberts (2014)[4] propose an account of the FOFC derived from Kayne's Antisymmetry Theory and the Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA), in which all maximal projections follow the 'specifier head-complement template' as below, and all variation in word-order arises due to movement.
Biberaer et al. assume that all movement is triggered by the presence of a movement diacritic with no semantic content such that movement to the specifier of a head is triggered by the presence of on . Functional heads cannot introduce , though they may inherit it from the head of their complement.[1] Then from this, the proposal is that the following more formally defined constraint holds.
Final-over-Final Constraint: If a head in the extended projection EP of a lexical head L, EP(L), has associated with its -feature, then so does , where is c-selected by in EP(L).
Other accounts of the FOFC
editThere have been attempts, notably by Carlo Cecchetto[5] and Hedde Zeijlstra,[6] to account for the FOFC asymmetry without making use of the LCA, instead basing their accounts as coming from restrictions in parsing on rightward-dependencies.
Cecchetto proposes that if backward dependencies cannot cross phrase structure boundaries, then the Right-roof constraint (a locality condition on rightward movement) and FOFC are 'two faces of the same coin', as they both constrain the generation of structures that involve backward localisation; a trace, in the case of the Right-roof constraint, or in regards to the selected head of a selecting head in the case of FOFC, and so the FOFC-violating configuration will only be possible if is a movement target for rather than as backward localisation is costly for the parser and will only be possible if it is very local.
Zeijlstra's account, meanwhile, derives largely from Abels & Neeleman's[7] account of Greenberg's Universal 20, which observes that head movement within an extended projection cannot be rightward unless the movement is string-vacuous, which not only circumvents the theoretical and empirical challenges to LCA, but also accounts for particles which often form counter-examples to FOFC.
Counterexamples and Challenges to the FOFC
editIt seems to be the case that clause-final particles in VO languages form a natural class of counterexamples to the FOFC.[6] Thus, it must be then investigated whether such counterexamples do indeed violate FOFC, and if so, then any account of FOFC must be revised to account for such counterexamples. For example, sentence-final Tense-Aspect-Mood particles appear in many East Asian and Central African languages (Examples from Mumuye; Shimizu 1983: 107 & 112)[8]
Znàso̘
Znaso
baasé
mimic
ranti
Ranti
yé
PERF
'Znaso has mimicked Ranti'
Znàso̘
Znaso
dé
PERF
baasé
mimic
ranti
Ranti
ni.
IMMED.FUT
'Znaso is about to mimic Ranti.'
Notably, none of these particles exhibit inflectional morphology and as such do not exhibit any φ-agreement,[6] and so it seems that a theory that concerns FOFC should account for the fact that particles that exhibit inflection seem to be pervasively FOFC-compliant, however non-inflected particles often are not.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b E. Clem, ‘Disharmony and the Final-Over-Final Condition in Amahuaca’, Linguistic Inquiry, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 809–822, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1162/ling_a_00425.
- ^ a b c M. Sheehan, T. Biberauer, I. G. Roberts, and A. Holmberg, The Final-over-Final Condition: A Syntactic Universal. in Linguistic inquiry monographs, no. 76. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2017.
- ^ Holmberg, Anders. 2000. Deriving OV order in Finnish. In The derivation of VO and OV, ed. by Peter Svenonius, 123–152. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- ^ T. Biberauer, A. Holmberg, and I. Roberts, ‘A Syntactic Universal and Its Consequences’, Linguistic Inquiry, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 169–225, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1162/LING_a_00153.
- ^ C. Cecchetto, ‘Backward dependencies must be short’, in Challenges to Linearization, T. Biberauer and I. Roberts, Eds., DE GRUYTER, 2013, pp. 57–92. doi: 10.1515/9781614512431.57.
- ^ a b c H. Zeijlstra, ‘FOFC and what left–right asymmetries may tell us about syntactic structure building’, J. Ling., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 179–213, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1017/S002222672200007X.
- ^ K. Abels and A. Neeleman, ‘Linear Asymmetries and the LCA’, Syntax, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 25–74, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9612.2011.00163.x.
- ^ K. Shimizu, The Zing dialect of Mumuye: a descriptive grammar: with a Mumuye-English dictionary and an English-Mumuye index. Hamburg: H. Buske, 1983.
Further reading
edit[1] M. Sheehan, T. Biberauer, I. Roberts, and A. Holmberg, The Final-Over-Final Condition: A Syntactic Universal. The MIT Press, 2017. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/8687.001.0001.
[2] M. Sheehan, ‘Explaining the Final-over-Final Constraint: Formal and Functional Approaches*’, in Theoretical Approaches to Disharmonic Word Order, T. Biberauer and M. Sheehan, Eds., Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 407–444. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684359.003.0015.
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