Fleet tenders were British merchant ships fitted with a wooden superstructure to resemble battleships or aircraft carriers during the Second World War. They were built to fool German reconnaissance planes, and known as fleet tenders to conceal their purpose.
Three ships were converted in 1939[1] and another, HMS Centurion, in 1941. The three converted in 1939 were 7,900-tons merchant ships:
- SS Pakeha, fleet tender A, as battleship HMS Revenge
- SS Waimana, fleet tender B, as battleship HMS Resolution
- SS Mamari, fleet tender C, as carrier HMS Hermes
They had been the oldest ships in service with the Shaw, Savill & Albion Line. After conversion, they were initially anchored at Scapa Flow.[2] Major warships had been kept away from the anchorage following the loss of HMS Royal Oak in October 1939 when German submarine U-47 penetrated the harbour defences. After the fleet tenders were improved, they were used as decoys before the first capital ships returned in March 1940.[3] In August 1940, the Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet, Admiral Charles Forbes, ordered them relocated to Rosyth where they were maintained on a "care and maintenance" basis.[4] The three ships never left the home waters of the United Kingdom, and became obsolete in 1941. SS Mamari was wrecked off The Wash and then attacked by German torpedo boats. SS Pakeha and SS Waimana were converted back to merchants and returned to cargo use, but renamed the Empire Pakeha and Empire Waimana under the Ministry of War Transport.[5]
HMS Centurion was a First World War-era battleship, disarmed under the Washington Naval Treaty. In September 1940, when acting as a repair ship at Devonport Naval Base, she was fitted with wooden turrets and guns following a report on the planned Operation Sealion by the German Naval Group West that two British battleships were close to the invasion routes, when in fact there was only one.[6] In May 1941 she was given a more detailed conversion and fitted with a dummy after-funnel, mainmast and main armament to resemble the modern HMS Anson.[7] She left home waters to sail around the Cape of Good Hope to Bombay, and in June 1942 acted as a decoy in a convoy to Malta (Operation Vigorous).[8] She was finally expended in June 1944 as a blockship off the Normandy coast as part of the Gooseberry shelter for Omaha Beach.[9]
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HMS Centurion in 1918 -
HMS Anson in 1945 -
HMS Centurion masquerading as HMS Anson
_at_Devonport,_March_1945.jpg)
Notes
edit- ^ Donald A. Bertke; Gordon Smith; Don Kindell (1 March 2011). WORLD WAR TWO SEA WAR. Lulu.com. pp. 210–. ISBN 978-0-578-02941-2. Entry for 21 November 1939
- ^ Slader, John (1995). The Fourth Service. New Era Writer's Guild. p. 65. ISBN 978-1876963132.
- ^ Lavery, Brian (2007). "12: The Second World War in the North". Shield of Empire: The Royal Navy in Scotland. Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 978-1841585130.
- ^ Mullenheim-Rechberg, Baron von, Burkard (2002). "10: Grimstadfjordand the Journey North". Battleship Bismarck: A Survivor's Story. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1557504364.
- ^ Greenway, Ambrose (2011). "3: Innovations in Machinery". Cargo Liners: An Illustrated History. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1848321298.
- ^ Hewitt, Geoff (22 September 2008). "6: Month of Decision - September 1940". Hitler's Armada: The Royal Navy and the Defence of Great Britain, April - October 1940. Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1844157853.
- ^ "HMS CENTURION REFIT TO ACT AS THE DOUBLE FOR HMS ANSON MAY 1941 HER AFT FUNNEL AND GUN TURRETS ARE DUMMIES (A 9983)". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ Bradford, Ernie (1987). Siege Malta 1940-1943. William Morrow & Co. p. 187. ISBN 978-0688047818.
- ^ Everett, H.R. (2015). Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0262029223.
References
edit- Now It Can Be Told! - How the Navy's Phantom Fleet Hoaxed the Hun, The War Illustrated, September 14, 1945.