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Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature, such that it can be reshaped by forging.[1] Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. For most metals, forging temperature is approximately 70% of the absolute temperature (usually measured in kelvins) of its melting point.[citation needed]
Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.[2] The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.[3]
| Material | Forging Temperature | Melting point[a] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Celsius | Fahrenheit | °C | |
| Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content | 1230[2] | 2246 | ~1425-1540 |
| Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic) | 1150 | 2102 | ~1400-1530 |
| Stainless steel (Magnetic) | 1095 | 2003 | ~1400-1530 |
| Nickel | 1095 | 2003 | 1453 |
| Titanium | 955 | 1751 | 1660 |
| Copper | 900 | 1652 | 1083 |
| Brass (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc) | 815 | 1499 | ~900-940 |
| Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) | 900 to 419.53 | 1652 to 787.154 | ~950 |
| Aluminium | 300 - 480[4] | 600 - 900 | 660 |
| Zinc | 419.53 | 787.154 | 420 |
| Lead | 25 | 77 | 327 |
| Iron[5] | 1371 | 2500 | 1535 |
| Tin | 231.93 | 449.474 | 232 |
See also
edit- Plasticity
- Tammann and Hüttig temperatures – Chemical properties of materials
Notes
edit- ^ The temperatures of alloys vary depending on the ration of metals mixture
References
edit- ^ "Metals - Melting Temperatures". The Engineering ToolBox.
- ^ a b "Forging of Carbon Steels". Metal Pass.
- ^ Irani, M.; Karimi Taheri, A. (2008). "Effect of forging temperature on homogeneity of microstructure and hardness of precision forged steel spur gear" (PDF). Materials Chemistry and Physics. 112 (3): 1099–1105. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.044.
- ^ 'Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys" edited by Joseph R. Davis, p248
- ^ "Forging Iron: A Tutorial". 18 October 2018.