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The Forty Conspirators (Portuguese: Os Quarenta Conjurados[1]), were a Portuguese nationalist group during the Iberian Union. The Conspirators were composed of forty men of the Portuguese nobility, and many clergy and soldiers. Their goal was to depose the House of Habsburg king, Philip III (and IV of Spain).
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The plot was planned by Antão Vaz de Almada, Miguel de Almeida and João Pinto Ribeiro. On 1 December 1640, they, together with several associates, known as the Forty Conspirators, took advantage of the fact that the Castilian troops were occupied on the other side of the peninsula and killed Secretary of State Miguel de Vasconcelos, imprisoning the king's cousin, the Duchess of Mantua, who had governed Portugal in his name. The moment was well chosen, as Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War in addition to the revolt in Catalonia.[2]
The support of the people became apparent almost immediately and soon John, 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed King of Portugal throughout the country as John IV. By December 2, 1640, John had already sent a letter to the Municipal Chamber of Évora as sovereign of the country.
List of the Forty Conspirators
edit- D. Afonso de Menezes, Chamber Master of King João IV of Portugal
- D. Álvaro de Abranches da Câmara, General of Minho, member of the Council of War
- D. Antão de Almada, 7th Count of Avranches, 10th Lord of Lagares d´El-Rei, 5th Lord and Governor of Pombalinho
- D. António de Alcáçova Carneiro, Lord of the Majorat of Alcáçovas, High Alcaide of Campo Maior, Governor of Castelo de Ouguela
- D. António Álvares da Cunha, Lord of Tábua;.
- D. António da Costa, Lord of the Majorat of Mustela, Commander Order of Christ
- D. António Luís de Menezes, 1st Marquis of Marialva, 3rd Count of Cantanhede
- D. António de Melo e Castro, Viceroy of India, Captain of Sofala
- D. António Teles de Meneses, Count of Vila Pouca de Aguiar
- D. António Telo, Captain-Major of the Portuguese India Armadas
- D. Aires de Saldanha, Viceroy of India, Governor of Tangiers
- D. Carlos de Noronha, Commander of Marvão, President of the Household of Conscience and Order
- D. Estevão da Cunha, Prior of São Jorge in Lisboa, Canon of the See of the Algarve, Bishop of Miranda;
- D. Fernão Teles da Silva, 1st Count of Vilar Maior, Governor of Arms of Beira
- D. Fernando Teles de Faro, Lord of Damião de Azere, Lord of Santa Maria de Nide de Carvalho
- D. Francisco de Melo e Torres, 1st Marquis of Sande, 1st Count of Ponte, General of the Artillery of the Kingdom
- D. Francisco de Sousa, 1st Marquês de Minas, 3rd Count of Prado
- D. Gastão Coutinho, Governor of Minho
- D. Gaspar de Brito Freire, Lord of the Majorat of Santo Estevão de Nossa Senhora de Jesus
- D. Gomes Freire de Andrade, Cavalry Captain
- D. Gonçalo Tavares de Távora, Cavalry Captain
- D. Jerónimo de Ataíde, 6th Count of Atouguia
- D. João da Costa, 1st Count of Soure;
- D. João Rodrigues de Sá e Menezes, 3rd Count of Penaguião
- D. João Pereira, Prior of São Nicolau, Deputy of the Holy Office
- D. João Sanches de Baena, Fidalgo of His Majesty's Council, Judge of the Royal Household
- D. Jorge de Melo, General of the Galleys, member of the Council of War
- D. Luis Álvares da Cunha, Lord of the Majorat of Olivais
- D. Martim Afonso de Melo, 2nd Count of São Lourenço, High Alcaide of Elvas
- D. Miguel Maldonado, Clerk of the High-Chancery of the Kingdom
- D. Miguel de Almeida 4th Count of Abrantes
- D. Nuno da Cunha de Ataíde, 1st Count of Pontével
- D. Paulo da Gama, Lord of the Majorat of Boavista
- D. Pedro de Mendonça Furtado, High Alcaide of Mourão
- D. Rodrigo da Cunha, Archbishop of Lisbon
- D. Rodrigo de Figueiredo de Alarcão, Lord of Ota
- D. Sancho Dias de Saldanha, Cavalry Captain
- D. Tomas de Noronha, 3rd Count of Arcos
- D. Tomé de Sousa, Comptroller of the Royal Household, High-Official of Festivities of the Kingdom
- D. Tristão da Cunha de Ataíde, Lord of Povolide, Commander of São Cosme de Gondomar
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Conjurado can have a different meaning in portuguese than the word Conjured has in english: it comes from the word jurado (an adjective meaning oathbound) from the word juramento (meaning the act of making an oath) and from the word, that can be both a verb and a name, jura (meaning oath). Therefore, when the forty conspirators are called The Forty Conjured, it does not mean they magically appeared, but rather the meaning translates as The Forty Oathbound.
- ^ Elliot, J.H. (2002). Imperial Spain: 1469-1716. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 346–348. ISBN 978-0141007038.