Franca Viola (born 9 January 1948) is a Sicilian woman who became famous in the 1960s in Italy for refusing a "rehabilitating marriage" (Italian: matrimonio riparatore) to her rapist after being kidnapped, held hostage for over one week, and raped frequently. She is considered to be the first Italian woman who had been raped to publicly refuse marriage. She and her family successfully prosecuted the rapist. The trial had a wide resonance in Italy, as Viola's behavior clashed with traditional social conventions in Southern Italy, whereby a woman would lose her honour if she refused to marry the man to whom she had lost her virginity. Franca Viola became a symbol of the cultural progress and emancipation of women in post-war Italy.[1][2][3]
Franca Viola | |
|---|---|
| Born | 9 January 1948 |
| Parent(s) | Bernardo Viola (father) Vita Serro (mother) |
Kidnapping and rape
editFranca Viola was born in the rural town of Alcamo, Sicily, the oldest daughter of Bernardo Viola,[4] a farmer, and his wife, Vita Ferra.[5] In 1963, at the age of 15, she became engaged to Filippo Melodia, then aged 23, a nephew of mafia member Vincenzo Rimi. Melodia was subsequently arrested for theft, and Viola's father insisted she break off the engagement, which she did. Melodia then moved to Germany. By 1965 Viola was engaged to another man, and Melodia had returned to Alcamo and was trying unsuccessfully to re-enter Viola's life, stalking her and threatening both her father and boyfriend.[6]
In the early hours of 26 December 1965, Melodia and a group of 12 armed companions broke into the Viola home and kidnapped Franca by dragging her into a car, in the process beating up Viola's mother and also taking Franca's eight-year-old brother Mariano, who refused to let go of his sister.[4][1][7] Mariano was released a few hours later, but Franca was held for eight days in the home of Melodia's sister and her husband, a farmhouse on the outskirts of the town,[4] where she was repeatedly raped.[8] Melodia told her that now she would be forced to marry him so as not to become a "dishonoured" woman, but Viola replied that she had no intention of marriage and, moreover, that she would have him sued for kidnapping and rape.[citation needed] On 31 December, Melodia contacted Viola's father Bernardo for the paciata (Sicilian for 'appeasement', i.e., striking a deal between the families of the man and woman who "eloped").[5] Bernardo pretended to negotiate with the kidnappers, saying he agreed and consented to the marriage, while collaborating with the Carabinieri police in preparing a successful dragnet operation.[9] Viola was freed and her kidnappers arrested on 2 January 1966, seven days before her eighteenth birthday.[9] She said her father asked her if she really wanted to marry Melodia and, when she said she did not, he told her he would do everything possible to help her.[9][10]
Refusal of a "rehabilitating marriage"
editMelodia offered Viola a so-called "rehabilitating marriage," but she refused, thus acting against what was the common practice in Sicilian society at the time. According to traditional social norms, this choice would make her a donna svergognata, or 'woman without honour' (literally: a 'shameless woman'), as she had lost her virginity but remained unwed.[4] These concepts were not exclusive to Sicily or rural areas; to some extent, they were also implicit in the Italian Penal Code of the time, namely Article 544, which equated rape to a crime against "public morality" rather than a personal offence, and formalized the idea of a "rehabilitating marriage" (matrimonio riparatore), stating that a rapist who married his victim would have his crime automatically expunged.[4][9]
Trial
editAfter Viola's refusal to marry her rapist, her family members were reportedly menaced, ostracised, and persecuted by most townspeople. Their vineyard and barn were torched.[4] These events, and the eventual trial, resonated powerfully with the Italian media and public. The Parliament itself was directly involved, as it became obvious that part of the existing legal code was at odds with public opinion. Melodia's lawyers claimed Viola had consented to a so-called fuitina ('elopement'), fleeing voluntarily to get married secretly[4] rather than being kidnapped, but the trial (which happened in 1966[11]) found Melodia guilty. He was sentenced to 11 years in prison, later reduced to 10 years,[9] with a two-year period of compulsory residence in Modena.[4] Five of his friends were acquitted, and the others received relatively mild sentences.[4][12] Melodia was released from prison in 1976, and was killed on 13 April 1978[5] in a mafia-style execution before he could return to Sicily.[4]
The article of law whereby a rapist could vacate his crime by marrying his victim was not abolished until 1981.[13][14][15]
Sexual violence became a crime against the person (instead of against "public morality") only in 1996.[16]
Marriage of choice
editFranca Viola married Giuseppe Ruisi in December 1968, when she was almost 21 years old. They had liked each other since childhood.[4] Ruisi, an accountant, insisted he would have married the girl he had long loved despite threats and rumours, but had to request a firearms license after obtaining the marriage license, to protect himself and his bride-to-be.[citation needed] Both the Italian President Giuseppe Saragat and Pope Paul VI publicly expressed their appreciation of Franca Viola's courage and their solidarity with the couple.[10] President Saragat sent the couple a wedding gift and the pope received them in a private audience soon after the wedding.[4] Viola and Ruisi would go on to have three children, two sons and one daughter.[4] The family still lives in Alcamo.[4]
Legacy
editIn 1970, director Damiano Damiani made the film The Most Beautiful Wife, starring Ornella Muti, based on Viola's case.[9] In 2012 the Sicilian writer Beatrice Monroy published Viola's story under the title Niente ci fu ('There was nothing').[17] In 2017, a fifteen-minute film based on Viola's story, titled Viola, Franca, was included as a finalist in the Manhattan Short Film Festival.[18]
The 2022 film The Girl From Tomorrow (La ragazza del futuro) directed by Marta Savina tells the story of Viola though the names and some details have been changed.[19][20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Rifiuto il matrimonio dopo lo stupro(in Italian) Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Marta Boneschi, Di testa loro. Essay on ten women that changed the Italian culture in the 20th century ([1], in Italian) Archived 29 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Craniz, Guido (2005). Storia del miracolo italiano: culture, identità, trasformazioni fra anni cinquanta e sessanta. Donzelli Editore. p. 252. ISBN 9788879899451. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Pirro, Deirdre (2009). Italian Sketches: The Faces of Modern Italy. Prato: The Florentine Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9788890243448. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ a b c Pablo Dell'Osa (25 December 2018). "26 dicembre". il Centro (in Italian). Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ Cullen, Niamh (25 February 2016). "The case of Franca Viola: Debating Gender, Nation and Modernity in 1960s Italy". Contemporary European History. 25 (1): 107. ISSN 0960-7773. S2CID 147752247.
- ^ Cullen, Niamh (25 February 2016). "The case of Franca Viola: Debating Gender, Nation and Modernity in 1960s Italy". Contemporary European History. 25 (1): 97. doi:10.1017/s0960777315000491. S2CID 147752247. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ^ Ettore Ferrari (10 January 2018). "La Storia di Franca Viola". ilpost.it. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "La fuitina e il disonore: storia di Franca Viola" (in Italian). 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012.
- ^ a b 1965, lo "strappo" di Franca Viola Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
- ^ John Foot (17 May 2018). The Archipelago: Italy Since 1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-1-4088-4351-2.
- ^ Appiah, Kwame Anthony (2011). The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen. W. Norton & Company. pp. 143–144. ISBN 9780393080711. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Niente di straordinario Archived 17 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in italian)
- ^ Van Cleave, Rachel A. (2007). "Rape and the Querela in Italy: False Protection of Victim Agency". Golden Gate University School of Law. p. 283.
- ^ legislature.camera.it (law no. 442 5 August 1981)
- ^ Fiandaca, Giovanni; Musco, Enzo (2013). Diritto penale. Parte speciale. 2.1, I delitti contro la persona (in Italian) (4. ed.). Zanichelli. p. 206. ISBN 9788808263063.
- ^ "La Donna che disse No: Franca Viola, L'attualità di una ribelle". La Repubblica.it (in Italian). 18 May 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ "Manhattan Short - Finalists". www.manhattanshort.com. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ^ "The Girl From Tomorrow". BFI London Film Festival 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2023.[dead link]
- ^ "The Girl From Tomorrow". Sydney Film Festival. Retrieved 28 June 2023.