French Pass (Māori: Te Aumiti; officially gazetted Te Aumiti / French Pass) is a narrow and treacherous stretch of water that separates D'Urville Island, at the north end of the South Island of New Zealand, from the mainland coast. At one end is Tasman Bay, and at the other end the outer Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere leads out to Cook Strait.
French Pass has the fastest tidal flows in New Zealand, reaching 8 knots (4 m/s).[1] When the tide changes, the current can be strong enough to stun fish.[2]
The local tribes are Ngāti Koata and Ngāti Kuia.
History
editIn the oral tradition of some Māori tribes, Te Aumiti (French Pass) is the resting place of Kupe's pet king shag, called Te Kawau-a-Toru. Kupe was a pioneer Polynesian navigator who discovered Cook Strait in his canoe. While he was exploring Cook Strait, Kupe was attacked by a giant octopus. In the furious battle to kill the octopus, the coast was gouged into the convoluted shapes that today make up the Sounds. Kupe's loyal shag then led Kupe to the French Pass passage, and explored the area on Kupe's behalf. Te Kawau-a-Toru had a huge wingspan, and was reputed to be a sacred bird with "the eye of the ancestor", insight into ancient knowledge.[3] However, while testing the channel to see if it was safe for Kupe's canoe, Te Kawau-a-Toru got caught in the tidal rip, broke a wing and drowned. The broken reef adjacent to the channel is Kupe's loyal bird turned to stone – Te Aumiti a te Kawau-a-Toru (the currents that swallowed Toru's shag). A nearby rocky point where a lighthouse now stands is the bird's petrified bones.[4]
The first recorded European navigation of the pass occurred in 1827. Admiral Jules Dumont d'Urville navigated the pass during his second voyage to New Zealand, in the French Navy corvette Astrolabe. Approaching the narrowest part of the pass, the vessel swung sideward and did not respond to steerage. The corvette struck rocks twice, and was then washed over the reef and into Admiralty Bay. The high energy and complexity of the location was summed up by d'Urville suggesting that no one should attempt to navigate French Pass except in extreme emergency.[5]
In 1888, a Risso's dolphin appeared in the area. For the next 24 years, this dolphin accompanied boats to and from French Pass. He became famous as Pelorus Jack and was the first dolphin in the world to receive the protection of the law. Pelorus Jack stayed in the Pelorus Sounds, and did not navigate the pass into Tasman Bay. He would meet boats as they came out of the pass, riding their bow waves for 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to Pelorus Sound. Then he would join boats returning to Nelson at the entrance to Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere and escort them back to the pass. Pelorus Jack was last seen in April 1912. The lightkeeper at French Pass claimed he found the body of Pelorus Jack decomposing on the shore.[6]
In August 2014, the name of French Pass was officially altered to Te Aumiti / French Pass.[7]
Tidal flows
edit| External images | |
|---|---|
 Painting of a King shag | |
| Painting of the Astrolabe in French Pass | |
| Photo of the French Pass in full flow | |
| Google image |
The pass is 500 metres (1,600 ft) across, but the main navigation channel (the "throat" or "narrows") contracts down to only 100 metres (330 ft) with a 20-metre (66 ft) deep shoaling region. Most of the rest of the pass is broken reef.[8]
On one side is Cook Strait with a tidal range up to 2 metres (6.6 ft), and on the other side is Tasman Bay with a tidal range up to 4 metres (13 ft).[9] This can result in substantial pressure gradients across the pass, complicated by a phase or time difference of about 25 minutes between the high tides on either side. Peak flow in the throat of the pass is around 4 metres per second (13 ft/s).[10]
Near to the pass are deep holes where strong vertical flows can occur.[11] In 2000, student divers taking part in a drift dive during the local ebb flow were separated from their surface float and caught in a whirlpool. This dragged them into "Jacob's Hole", a 68-metre (223 ft)[12] deep depression south west of the pass. The depth of this descent resulted in multiple fatalities. The group appears to have been drawn deep into the hole and then returned to the surface again. A dive computer record of one of the survivors show a depth of up to 89-metre (292 ft). According to the coroner's report, the accident occurred on a falling tide, so the current was flowing from the south west to the north east.[13][14]
French Pass / Anaru
editFrench Pass / Anaru is an unofficial name for the settlement south of French Pass, which has been in use since at least 1980.[15] It was formerly Anaru.[16] There is a short walk to a lookout overlooking the channel[17] and a campground, with a boat ramp and jetty. The road to French Pass / Anaru is about 70 km (43 mi) from SH6,[18] much of it unsealed and with sharp bends.[19]
Notes
edit- ^ Stevens et al. (2008)
- ^ Craig Stevens and Stephen Chiswell. Ocean currents and tides: Tides Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21 September 2007.
- ^ King shag New Zealand Birds. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^ Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal. First peoples in Māori tradition: Te Aumiti (French Pass) Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 28 October 2008.
- ^ Baldwin 1979, p. 164
- ^ Gerard Hutching. Dolphins: The story of Pelorus Jack Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22 October 2008
- ^ "NZGB decisions". Land Information New Zealand. August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ^ "Chart of French Pass". Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
- ^ Heath RA (1978) Semidiurnal tides in Cook Strait. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 12: 87–97.
- ^ Stevens et al. (2007)
- ^ Stevens et al. (2007)
- ^ GPS Nautical Charts, accessed 18 May 2019
- ^ Smith IR (2003) Coroners Report Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Nelson District. Accessed 5 December 2008.
- ^ McGeogh G and Davis FM (2000) "Analysis of a complex recreational scuba diving accident: French Pass, New Zealand". Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, 39: 1.
- ^ "NZGB Gazetteer | linz.govt.nz". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "Te Aumiti/French Pass Heritage". Marlborough NZ. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "French Pass Lookout Track". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "French Pass Campsite". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "Te Aumiti (French Pass), Marlborough". NZ Topo Map. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
References
edit- Baldwin O (1979) The story of New Zealand's French Pass and d'Urville Island. Fields Publishing House, Plimmerton.
- Stevens C and Sutton P (2007) Measuring Tidal Currents near Cook Strait ADCP Flow
- Stevens C, Sutton P, Smith and Dickson R (2008) Tidal flows in Te Aumiti (French Pass), South Island, New Zealand NZ Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research.
External links
edit- Te Aumiti (French Pass) Tidal Stream Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine - Land Information new Zealand
- McNab, Robert (1909) Murihiku: A History of the South Island of New Zealand and the Islands Adjacent and Lying to the South, from 1642 to 1835: Chapter 26: Discovery of the French Pass, 1827 Whitcomb & Tombs, Wellington.