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University of Erlangen–Nuremberg

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The University of Erlangen–Nuremberg (German: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAU) is a public research university in the cities of Erlangen and Nuremberg in Bavaria, Germany. The name Friedrich–Alexander is derived the university's first founder Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and its benefactor Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.[2]

University of Erlangen–Nuremberg
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg seal
Latin: Universitas Friderico-Alexandrina[1]
Former names
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen
Motto
Wissen bewegen
Motto in English
Moving knowledge
TypePublic
Established1742; 282 years ago (1742) (first)
4 November 1743 (1743-11-04) (moved)[2][3]
FounderFrederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Budget€ 721.6 million[4]
Third party funding: € 243.2 million[5]
ChancellorChristian Zens[6]
PresidentJoachim Hornegger[6]
Academic staff
629 professors
3604 (other academic staff)[7]
Total staff
6,570 (2022)[7]
Students39,658 (WS 2022/23)[8]
Location
Erlangen and Nuremberg
,
Bavaria
,
Germany

49°35′52.5″N 11°0′17.17″E / 49.597917°N 11.0047694°E / 49.597917; 11.0047694
CampusUrban
Colors  Blue
AffiliationsFranco-German University, EELISA
Websitefau.eu

FAU is a member of the German Research Foundation DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft).

History

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Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, founder of FAU

The university was founded in 1742 in Bayreuth by Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and moved to Erlangen in 1743. Christian Frederick Charles Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (one of the two namesakes of the institution) provided significant support to the early university. From the beginning, the university was a Protestant institution, but over time it slowly secularized. In 1961, the business college in Nuremberg was merged with the university in Erlangen, therefore, the combined institution currently has a physical presence in the two cities. An engineering school was inaugurated in 1966. In 1972, the school of education (normal school) in Nuremberg became part of the university.

Timeline

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Below is a short timeline of FAU from its inception to its present form:

  • 1700–1704: The Schloss of the Margraves at Erlangen is built.
  • 1743: Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, issues an edict whereby the university recently founded in Bayreuth is transferred to Erlangen. It has the four faculties of Protestant Theology, Jurisprudence, Medicine and Philosophy.
  • 1769: The University at Erlangen is given the new name of Friedrich-Alexander-Universität in honour of Alexander, Margrave of Ansbach and Bayreuth.
  • 1818: The library of the University of Altdorf, dissolved in 1809, is moved to Erlangen.
  • 1824: The first hospital is built.
  • 1825: The university moves into the Schloss.
  • 1920: The WiSo Faculty (Business Administration, Economics & Social Sciences) is established.
  • 1927: Science is taken out of the Faculty of Arts thus creating the new Faculty of Science.
  • 1961: The FAU acquires a further faculty through merger with the Nuremberg College of Economics and Social Sciences (founded in 1919). The university's name is now Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.
  • 1966: The Faculty of Engineering is established. (FAU is thus the first of the traditional universities of the old federal republic to incorporate engineering as an independent faculty.)
  • 1972: The Teacher Training College in Nuremberg is incorporated into the Faculty of Education.
  • 1993: The FAU celebrates its 250th anniversary.
  • 1994: The Free State of Bavaria purchases for the university 4.4 hectares of land in Erlangen previously owned by the US military. The area is now called Röthelheim Campus.
  • 2000: The Bavaria-California Technology Centre opens its headquarters at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg.
  • 2000: Inauguration of the Research Centre in Clinical Molecular Biology in Erlangen.
  • 2001: Opening of the Röthelheim Campus on the site of the old artillery barracks.
  • 2004: Inauguration of the new building at the WiSo Faculty of Business Administration, Economics & Social Sciences in Nuremberg.

Campuses

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A major part of FAU’s campuses is in the city of Erlangen, the minor part in the neighbouring city of Nuremberg. Several minor facilities are located in Hof, Fürth, Bamberg, Pleinfeld or Ingolstadt. In sum, there are several hundred FAU properties in the Nuremberg metropolitan area.

Erlangen

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Schloss Erlangen
 
The castle in the center of Erlangen, known to many simply as the Schloss, is home to a large part of the university's administration
 
The Kollegienhaus, the historical central building and lecture hall of the university at the borders of the Schlossgarten

In Erlangen, the University has two main sites: one in the city centre (North site) and the other in city's south (South site). To the east of the city is the so-called “Röthelheim Campus” with minor engineering and medical facilities. In addition, the FAU currently has a large number of larger and smaller properties spread over the entire Erlangen city area. Besides the Erlangen Schloss, the university’s Schlossgarten in the city centre is a main sight in Erlangen and very popular among students especially during summer term.

The university’s administration (in the Erlangen Schloss), the Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Theology and the Department of Law (as part of the Faculty of Law and Economics) are located at the North Site (both at Bismarckstraße/Schillerstraße) as well as the Faculty of Medicine and the University Hospital. Also in the city centre is the University Library Erlangen-Nürnberg. The Erlangen University Hospital is one of the biggest university hospitals in Germany.

 
Logo of the University Hospital
 
Old University Library (Erlangen)

The Faculty of Science (Erwin-Rommel-Straße/Staudtstraße) and the Faculty of Engineering form the FAU’s South site.

Library

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The University Library Erlangen-Nürnberg is the library system of the Friedrich Alexander University and is a regional library for the region of Middle Franconia. As an academic universal library, it offers its users a wide range of specialist literature from all faculties and a variety of services. With approximately 5.4 million volumes, it is Bavaria's largest library outside the state capital Munich. Large parts of the media stock are also accessible in interregional lending. The University Library is a member of the Bavarian Library Network (Bibliotheksverbund Bayern).

The Erlangen-Nuremberg library system is structured as a two-tier system, comprising four central libraries and 15 branch libraries. These libraries collectively manage a vast collection of resources distributed across approximately 200 locations. Among these central libraries, the Main Library and the Technical and Natural Sciences Branch Library (TNZB) are situated in Erlangen, while the Economic and Social Sciences Library (WSZB) and the Educational Science Branch Library (EZB) are based in Nuremberg.

Within this collaborative library system, most branch libraries take on the responsibility of acquiring and maintaining their own collections. However, all these resources are consolidated and accessible through the University Library's online catalogue, known as OPACplus.

Nuremberg

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The Department of Economics (as part of the Faculty of Law and Economics) and the Department of Education (as part of the Faculty of Humanities) are in Nuremberg.

The Department of Economics is located northeast of the historic Old Town (Lange Gasse/Maxtormauer). The Department of Education (“Campus Regensburger Straße”) is in the southeast of the city near the Dutzendteich and the former Nazi party rally grounds of Nuremberg.

Busan campus

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FAU is the first German university to establish a branch campus in Busan in the Republic of Korea. In November 2009, its campus project received approval from the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. The FAU Busan Branch Campus offers a Graduate School with a master's degree program in Chemical and Bioengineering and a research center.[9]

In 2014, the university announced its intention of working toward making the Busan-Jinhae Free Economic Zone an educational hub. To this end, FAU Busan works internationally with various companies and universities.[10]

Faculties

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In February 2007, the senate of the university decided upon a restructuring into five faculties.[11] Since October 2007, the FAU consists of:[12]

  • Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Theology
  • Faculty of Business, Economics, and Law
  • Faculty of Medicine
  • Faculty of Sciences
  • Faculty of Engineering

The following faculties were part of the university (sorted in the order in which they were founded):

Faculty of Engineering

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Inception

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In 1962, after lengthy debate, the Bavarian parliament decided to establish a Faculty of Engineering in Erlangen. The University of Erlangen thus won against the city of Nuremberg, which, for decades, had been demanding the establishment of a college of engineering in Nuremberg. Since the expansive areas of building land required for this project were not available in the center of Erlangen, the foundations for a new university campus were laid in the south east of the town in 1964. The formal establishment of the Faculty of Engineering, then the seventh faculty at the university, took place in 1966. What was unique at the time was that the various engineering departments were subsumed, as a faculty, into the main university rather than constituting an independent university.[2][13]

Present status

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The Faculty of Engineering at FAU is a young educational and research institution. Since its foundation in 1966, the faculty has five departments and are as follows:

  • Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering
  • Chemical and Biological Engineering
  • Materials Science and Engineering, which is according to the Quantitative Ranking of Engineering Disciplines, the 10th best worldwide.[14][15]
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Computer Science

The Faculty has close connections both with other natural sciences and with traditional subjects at the university. The Faculty of Engineering currently concentrates on the following research fields:

  • New Materials and Processes
  • Life Science Engineering and Medicine Technology
  • Energy Technology and Mobility
  • Modeling and Simulation
  • Optics and Optical Technologies
  • Information- and Communication Technologies
  • Micro-/Nano-electronics

Research

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Major research areas

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FAU claims leadership in a number of research topics. The current eight such major research areas are:[16][17]

  • New Materials and Processes
  • Optics and Optical Technologies
  • Molecular Life Science and Medicine
  • Health Technology
  • Electronics, Information and Communication
  • Energy, Environment and Climate
  • Language – Culture – Religion
  • Cohesion – Transformation – Innovation in Law and Economics

Excellence initiative

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The Excellence Initiative by the German federal and state governments to promote science and research at German universities aims to promote cutting-edge research and to strengthen the higher education and research in Germany to improve its international competitiveness and to make top performers in academia and science visible. As part of this initiative, FAU was awarded the contract for the Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), which received 1.9 million euros of annual funding for the next five years. The Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials and Processes' (EAM) was also established at FAU as part of the initiative and has been approved in the second round. EAM is funded with 40 million euros.[18][19]

Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials

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The Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials – Hierarchical Structure Formation for Functional Devices' (EAM) is the only interdisciplinary research collaboration of its type in Germany to focus on the investigation of functional materials and their processing at all length scales. The main research focus is on the fundamental and applied aspects of designing and creating novel high-performance materials. It is part of the Excellence Initiative of the German Research Foundation.[20][21][22]

Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies

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The Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) was founded in 2006. SAOT's scientific focus lies on optics and optical technology, two fields which are considered key technologies of the 21st century. SAOT is currently funded with seven million euros.[23][24]

National High Performance Computing Center

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in 2020 the FAU joined the National High-Performance Computing (NHR) alliance in Germany. This program is designed to provide researchers with access to state-of-the-art computing resources exceeding the limits of local HPC resources, including supercomputers. By joining the NHR program, the FAU has expanded its computing infrastructure, enabling its researchers to conduct more advanced simulations and analyses in various fields of study.[25][26]

Research institutions

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Central institutions

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Central institutions[27]
  • Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials' (EAM)
  • Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies
  • Bavaria California Technology Center (BaCaTeC)
  • Central Institute for Research on Teaching and Learning (ZiLL)
  • Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)
  • Center for Area Studies
  • Center for Teacher Education
  • Center for Applied Ethics and Science Communication
  • FAU Graduate School
  • Bavarian Academic Center for Latin America (BayLat)
  • FAU Campus Busan
  • Central Institute of Healthcare Engineering (ZIMT)
  • Center ofor Scientific Computing (ZISC)
  • Central Institute for Anthropology of Religion(s) (ZAR)

Interdisciplinary centers

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Interdisciplinary centers[28]
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Digital Humanities and Social Sciences
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Public Health
  • Interdisciplinary Media Research Center
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Islamic Religious Studies
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Gerontology
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Dialects and Language Variation (IZD)
  • Interdisciplinary Center Old World
  • Interdisciplinary Center for European Medieval and Renaissance Studies (IZEMIR)
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF)
  • Interdisciplinary Center Aesthetic Education
  • Emmy-Noether Center for lgebra representation theory with emphasis
  • Interdisciplinary Center Literature and Contemporary Culture
  • Interdisciplinary Center Embedded Systems (ESI Embedded Systems Institute)
  • Interdisciplinary Center for ophthalmic Preventive Medicine and Imaging
  • Interdisciplinary Center Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC)
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Science Edition
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN)
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Lexicography, Valency and Collocation
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Interface-Controlled Processes (IC-ICP)
  • Erlangen Center of Plant Science (ECROPS)
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
  • The Labor and Socio-Economic Research Center (LASER)
  • Emil Fischer Center
  • Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE)
  • Erlangen Center for Infection Research (ECI)

Research centers and centers of excellence

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Research centers & centers of excellence[29]
  • Engineering of Advanced Materials (Cluster of Excellence)
  • Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies
  • Transfer Centre for Research and Development in Electronic Production (FOWEP)
  • Cluster mechatronik & automation
  • Bavarian Lasercenter (BLZ)
  • Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern)
  • Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS)
  • Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology (IISB)
  • Research Association for Molded Interconnect Devices 3-D MID e.V.
  • FAU Ingolstadt Institute
  • Department of European Commercial Law
  • Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF)
  • Center of Excellence New Materials

Partnerships

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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) is the first German university to establish a branch campus in Busan in the Republic of Korea. FAU has contacts with approximately 500 universities all over the world, including many of the world's top universities like the University of Cambridge, Duke University, UCL, Imperial College London and many more.[30]

Academic ranking

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University rankings
Overall – Global & National
QS World 2024[31] 229 12
THE World 2024[32] 193 19
ARWU World 2023[33] 201–300 10–19
QS Europe[citation needed]
QS Employability[citation needed]
THE Employability[citation needed]
By subject – Global & National
QS Engineering and Technology 2023[34] 240 10
THE Engineering 2023[35] 101–125 5–7
ARWU [citation needed]
QS [citation needed]
THE [citation needed]
ARWU [citation needed]
QS [citation needed]
THE [citation needed]
ARWU [citation needed]
QS [citation needed]
THE [citation needed]
ARWU [citation needed]

According to the QS World University Rankings of 2024,the university is ranked 229th in the world and 12th nationally.[31] The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2024 places the university at the 193rd position globally, while it is 19th in the national context.[32] As per the ARWU 2023 edition, its rank falls within the 201–300 bracket worldwide, and between 10th and 19th at the national level.[33]

Measured by the number of top managers in the German economy, FAU ranked 25th in 2019.[36]

In 2017, ARWU ranked FAU 4th in Germany in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, 6th in Germany in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy and 7th in Germany in Natural Sciences and Mathematics.[37]

QS World University Rankings 2018 ranked FAU as the academic institution that has produced the most widely cited publications in Germany (global 21st).[38] 2017, Reuters ranked FAU as the 50th most innovative university globally (2nd Germany, 6th in Europe).[39] In the Reuters ranking report published in 2019, FAU has been rated as the most innovative university in Germany and as the 2nd in Europe.[40]

In Academic Ranking of World Universities for year 2014, FAU ranked second among German universities in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences group for all four ranking parameters TOP, FUN, HiCi and PUB.[41][42][43][44]

Awards

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Alexander von Humboldt Professorships

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In 2010, the newly announced professor of physics and co-director of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Prof. Vahid Sandoghdar was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Professorship,[45] Germany's highest-endowed international research award, endowed with €3.5 million. In the year 2011, the second in a row, FAU communications engineer and researcher Prof. Dr.-Ing Robert Schober (born 1971) was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Professorship, entailed with €3.5 million,[46][47][48] for an algorithm developed by him which is found in many modern phones today. In 2013, Prof. Oskar Painter received an Alexander von Humboldt Professorship as well. Prof. Painter is another new co-director of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light.

German Excellence Initiative

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The University of Erlangen-Nürnberg was successful within the German Universities Excellence Initiative in competing for a "cluster of excellence" and a graduate school.[49] The Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials' (EAM)" focuses on interdisciplinary developing new materials, joining engineering and natural sciences. The Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies emphasizes a strong focus in optical and photonics technology in the natural sciences, in engineering and the medical sciences and aims for a concise doctoral education. It is supplemented with a Master's degree program in the same topics.

After an in-depth evaluation, both programs were extended for the third phase of the German Excellence Initiative in 2012 until 2017. They contribute significantly to the research funding of the University, including five new research buildings, permanent new technical facilities and research and teaching staff. They also aim to increase the international perception of the contributing fields of research in Erlangen.

Notable alumni and professors

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  •  
    FAU Faculty of Engineering campus
  •  
    Department of Computer Science
  •  
    Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering
  •  
    Property for good thoughts designed by Marian Bogusz, on the Faculty of Engineering campus
  •  
    Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Theology and central lecture hall
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    Regional Computing Centre

Points of interest

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Search". Internet Archive.
  2. ^ a b c "Geschichte der FAU". Fau.de. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  3. ^ "Our first student". Fau.eu. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  4. ^ Freistaat Bayern. "Einzelplan 15 – Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ist-Grundfinanzierung 2021 i.H.v. 495,7 Mio. €" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  5. ^ Third-party funding according to donors in millions of euros
  6. ^ a b "The President of FAU". University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  7. ^ a b FAU. "Facts and Figures". Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  8. ^ University Webseite
  9. ^ "Welcome to FAU Busan Campus – German University in Korea". Fau-busan.ac.kr. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  10. ^ "[Weekender] German university epitomizes educational hub vison". Koreaherald.com. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  11. ^ "Die Universität stellt sich neu auf". Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. 7 February 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  12. ^ "Uni Erlangen Faculties". FAU. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  13. ^ "Uni Erlangen Faculty of Engineering". Erlangen University. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  14. ^ "Ranking – QRED – EPFL". 6 January 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  15. ^ "FAU materials scientists top ten worldwide". Archived from the original on 11 November 2012.
  16. ^ "Major research areas at FAU › FAU.EU". Uni-erlangen.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  17. ^ "Research › FAU.EU". Uni-erlangen.org. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  18. ^ "Exzellenzinitiative › FAU.DE". Uni-erlangen.de. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  19. ^ "Friedrich-Alexander-University: Excellence Initiative". www.uni-erlangen.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  20. ^ "Excellence Initiative | Excellence Initiative". www.excellence-initiative.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  21. ^ "Engineering of Advanced Materials – Hierarchical Structure Formation for Functional Devices | Excellence Initiative". www.excellence-initiative.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  22. ^ "Cluster of Excellence Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM) – Home". EAM. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  23. ^ "Graduate School of Advanced Optical Technology | Excellence Initiative". 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.
  24. ^ "Startseite". Aot.uni-erlangen.de. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  25. ^ "National Centre for High Performance Computing to be established at FAU". Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  26. ^ "National High Performance Computing". Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Friedrich-Alexander-University: Central Institutions". www.uni-erlangen.org. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  28. ^ "Interdisciplinary Centres". uni-erlangen.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  29. ^ "Friedrich-Alexander-University: Research Centres & Centres of Excellence". www.uni-erlangen.org. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  30. ^ "Study". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  31. ^ a b "QS World University Rankings 2024". QS World University Rankings. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  32. ^ a b "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  33. ^ a b "2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Academic Ranking of World Universities. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  34. ^ "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023". QS World University Rankings. 23 March 2023.
  35. ^ "World University Rankings by subject". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  36. ^ "An diesen Unis haben die DAX-Vorstände studiert | charly.education". www.charly.education (in German). Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  37. ^ "ARWU University of Erlangen-Nuremberg". 11 December 2017.
  38. ^ "FAU publications again the most widely cited in Germany". 13 June 2017.
  39. ^ "Top 100 most innovative universities in the world 2017". 29 September 2017.
  40. ^ "Reuters Top 100: Europe's Most Innovative Universities 2019 announced". Reuters. 30 April 2019.
  41. ^ "University of Erlangen-Nuremberg | Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2016 | Shanghai Ranking – 2016". Shanghai Ranking. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  42. ^ "Rankings ›". Fau.de. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  43. ^ "FAU Among Global Leaders in Chemistry and Engineering". Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  44. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences – 2014 – 2014 Top 100 Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – ARWU-FIELD 2014". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  45. ^ "Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation – AHP Preisträger 2010". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  46. ^ "Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation – AHP Preisträger 2011". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  47. ^ "News". www.uni-erlangen.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  48. ^ "Newsletter Archive". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  49. ^ Redaktion: Referat LS 4 – Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Internet (14 May 2013). "Excellence Initiative for Cutting-Edge Research at Institutions of Higher Education". Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ a b "FAU: Information for Alumni – People and stories". 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011.
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