Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association, 578 U.S. ___ (2016), is a United States labor law case that came before the Supreme Court of the United States. At issue in the case was whether Abood v. Detroit Board of Education[1] (1977) should be overruled, with public-sector "agency shop" arrangements invalidated under the First Amendment, and whether it violates the First Amendment to require that public employees affirmatively object to subsidizing nonchargeable speech by public-sector unions, rather than requiring employees to consent affirmatively to subsidizing such speech. Specifically, the case concerned public sector collective bargaining by the California Teachers Association, an affiliate of the National Education Association.[2]
| Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued January 11, 2016 Decided March 29, 2016 | |
| Full case name | Rebecca Friedrichs, et al., Petitioners v. California Teachers Association, et al. |
| Docket no. | 14-915 |
| Citations | 578 U.S. ___ (more) 136 S. Ct. 1083; 194 L. Ed. 2d 255 |
| Argument | Oral argument |
| Opinion announcement | Opinion announcement |
| Case history | |
| Subsequent | Rehearing denied |
| Holding | |
| The judgment was affirmed by an equally-divided court. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinion | |
| Per curiam | |
Justice Antonin Scalia died shortly after the case was argued in front of the Supreme Court, leaving only eight members to decide the case. In the end, the result was a non-precedential per curiam opinion affirming the lower-court decision by an equally-divided Supreme Court.[3][4] On June 28, 2016, the rehearing petition submitted by the Center for Individual Rights (CIR) was denied, letting the Ninth Circuit's decision stand as its final judgment.[5]
In 2017, after regaining a ninth Justice, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a substantially similar case, Janus v. AFSCME.[6]
Background
editIn the 1977 case Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, the Supreme Court upheld the maintaining of a union shop in a public workplace. Public school teachers in Detroit had sought to overturn the requirement that they pay fees equivalent to union dues on the grounds that they opposed public sector collective bargaining and objected to the ideological activities of the union. The court affirmed that the union shop, which is legal in the private sector, is also legal in the public sector. They found that non-members may be assessed dues for "collective bargaining, contract administration, and grievance adjustment purposes", but that objectors to union membership or policy may not have their dues used for other ideological or political purposes.[1]
Initial lawsuit
editThe Center for Individual Rights (CIR), a conservative law firm which brought the Friedrichs case with funding from the Bradley Foundation, initiated contact with the plaintiffs, ten public school teachers who had paid agency fees.[7] The lead plaintiff, Orange County elementary teacher Rebecca Friedrichs, had previously served on her local union's executive committee.[8]
Death of Antonin Scalia
editMany legal commentators speculated that the death of Justice Antonin Scalia would make the Court either divide evenly on the case, letting the Ninth Circuit's ruling stand against the plaintiffs but not setting a precedent, or call for reargument once Scalia's vacancy has been filled.[9][10]
Decision
editOn March 29, 2016, the Supreme Court issued a one-line per curiam opinion affirming the Ninth Circuit; as a decision made by an equally-divided court, the case is not considered to set a legal precedent.[3][11] The Center for Individual Rights (CIR) said it plans to ask the Supreme Court to reevaluate the case once a ninth justice has been appointed to replace Scalia.[12] CIR's rehearing petition was ultimately denied on June 28, 2016.[5]
However, in 2017, after regaining a ninth Justice, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a substantially similar case, Janus v. AFSCME.[6]
In July 2020, Friedrichs was a guest on Laura Ingraham's Fox News program. Friedrichs, after saying how warmed she was by Ingraham's support of her anti-union verve, claimed that the pushback by unions over reopening classrooms is a "smokescreen" for "using our schools to sexualize our children and to train them in anti-American ideology."[13] She also claimed that teachers' unions "are teaching our children to sext, to view pornography, [unions] are hooking them up with online sex experts. So what they are doing is grooming our children for sexual predators to use them."[14]
Legacy
editRebecca Friedrichs, the plaintiff, was a speaker at the 2020 Republican National Convention.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, 431 U.S. 209 (1977).
- ^ "About CTA". California Teachers Association. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
- ^ a b Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n, No. 14-915, 578 U.S. ___ (2016).
- ^ Lithwick, Dahlia (March 29, 2016). "Public Sector Unions Just Dodged a Major Bullet at the Supreme Court". Slate.
- ^ a b https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/062816zr_29m1.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b "Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31 - SCOTUSblog". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
- ^ Mahoney, Brian (January 10, 2016). "Conservative group nears big payoff in Supreme Court case". Politico.
- ^ Egelko, Bob (January 10, 2016). "High court may hit public worker unions hard in Friedrichs case". San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Garden, Charlotte (February 16, 2016). "Scalia's Death and the Consequences for Unions". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ Hirshman, Linda (December 31, 2015). "Why the next Supreme Court vacancy will favor liberals, no matter who retires". Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ Savage, David G. (March 29, 2016). "Supreme Court's tie vote upholds public employee fees for unions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ Phenicie, Carolyn (February 21, 2016). "After Scalia, a 4-4 Friedrichs Decision? Lawyers Say There's Precedent to Demand a Re-Hearing". Retrieved April 4, 2016.
- ^ Einenkel, Walter (July 16, 2020). "Fox News guest says teachers union conspiring to close schools so they can 'sexualize our children'". Daily Kos. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Meyer, Ken (July 15, 2020). "Fox News Guest Claims Online Learning Is 'Grooming Our Children for Sexual Predators'". Mediate. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
External links
edit- Text of Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n, 578 U.S. ___ (2016) is available from: Justia Oyez (oral argument audio) Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
