The GLAss Spherical Tokamak (or GLAST) is a name given to a set of small spherical tokamaks (i.e. magnetic confinement fusion reactors) located in Islamabad, Pakistan. They were developed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as part of the National Tokamak Fusion Program (NTFP) in 2008[1] and are primarily used for teaching and training purposes.
GLAST-I & GLAST-II
edit| Device type | Spherical tokamak |
|---|---|
| Location | Islamabad, Pakistan |
| Affiliation | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |
| Technical specifications | |
| Major radius | 15 cm (5.9 in) |
| Minor radius | 9 cm (3.5 in) |
| Magnetic field | 0.1–0.4 T (1,000–4,000 G) |
| Heating power | 300–400 eV |
| Discharge duration | 1.0 ms (pulsed) |
| Plasma current | 5 kA |
| History | |
| Succeeded by | GLAST-III |
The first two tokamaks developed were named GLAST-I and GLAST-II. Both devices have similar principles of operation and consist of an insulated vacuum vessel made of pyrex glass. However, the central tube of GLAST-I is made of steel, while that of GLAST-II is made of glass.[2]
Studies were done in GLAST-II to identify the mechanism responsible for current generation during the start-up phase of tokamak discharge.[3]
Diagnostics
editPlasma diagnostics including Langmuir triple probes,[4][5] emissive probes[6] and Optical Emission Spectroscopy systems were developed to measure basic plasma parameters such as electron temperature, electron number density, floating potential and impurity content in the discharge. The triple probe is capable of recording instantaneous plasma characteristics.[6] Plasma current is then enhanced up to 5 kA by applying a small vertical magnetic field that provides additional plasma heating and shaping.[3] The evolution of electron cyclotron heating (ECH)-assisted pre-ionization and subsequent current formation phases in one shot are well envisioned by probe measurements. The probe data seem to correlate with microwave absorption and subsequent light emission. Intense fluctuations in the current formation phase advocate for efficient equilibrium and feedback control systems. Moreover, the emergence of some strong impurity nitrogen lines in the emission spectrum even after few shots propose crucial need for improvement in the base vacuum level. A noticeable change in the profile's shape of floating potential, electron temperature, ion saturation current (Isat) and light emission is observed with changing hydrogen fill pressure and vertical field.[3][7] The main discharge has been supported by microwave pre-ionization in the presence of optimized resonant toroidal magnetic field (TF). While optimizing the magnetic field, theoretical and experimental results of the TF profile are compared using a combination of fast and slow capacitor banks. The magnetic field produced by poloidal field (PF) coils are compared with theoretically predicted values.
It is found that calculated results are in good agreement with experimental measurement. An economical microwave source of 2.45 ± 0.02 GHz is fabricated using a magnetron obtained from a household microwave oven. Pulsed-mode operation of the magnetron is achieved through certain necessary modifications in the circuit. The magnetic field is upgraded to enhance the microwave power, where an additional electromagnet is introduced around the magnetron cavity that confines the fast moving electrons. This modified microwave source is sufficient to achieve the breakdown in GLAST-II with improved plasma current of 5kA.[8][9]
GLAST-III
edit| Device type | Spherical tokamak |
|---|---|
| Location | Islamabad, Pakistan |
| Affiliation | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |
| Technical specifications | |
| Major radius | 20 cm (7.9 in) |
| Minor radius | 10 cm (3.9 in) |
| Magnetic field | 0.2 T (2,000 G) (central) 0.1 T (1,000 G) (toroidal) |
| Discharge duration | 1.2 ms (pulsed) |
| Plasma current | 5 kA |
| History | |
| Preceded by | GLAST-I & GLAST-II |
GLAST-III is an upgraded version of the GLAST-I and GLAST-II designs which features a larger vessel diameter and a larger central bore for the placement of diagnostic tools such as Rogowski coils and flux loops.[8] [10][11]
Diagnostics
editGLAST-III retained most of the diagnostics used in GLAST-I and GLAST-II, but a newly developed spectroscopic system based on linear photodiode array was installed on the upgraded GLAST-III for spatial and temporal characterization of hydrogen discharge through light emission. The spectral range of each silicon photodiode is from 300 nm to 1100 nm with response time of 10 ns and active area of 5 mm2 (circular). The light from the plasma is collected through holes along 4 line-of-sight channels with spatial resolution of about 5 cm passing from entire poloidal cross section. The photodiode's signals located at position of 10 and 14 cm from inboard side show fluctuations in the central plasma region. Moreover, the sequence of plasma lighting shows that plasma instigates from the central resonant field region and then expands outwards. At lower pressure, outboard movement of the plasma is slower suggesting better plasma confinement. In addition to photodiode array, an optical spectrometer (Ocean Optics HR2000+) has been used to record the visible spectrum over the selected range (597–703 nm) with a spectral resolution of 0.15 nm. The studies have been conducted during initial phase of plasma formation for two different hydrogen gas fill pressures. The triple probe is used to get time-resolved information on plasma parameters in the edge region. The time evolution of whole discharge including microwave pre-ionization phase and current formation phase has been demonstrated by temporal profiles of light emission and plasma floating potential.[10][11]
References
edit- ^ Griffith, Sabina. "Pakistan launches national fusion program". ITER Organization. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
- ^ Hussain, S.; Sadiq, M.; Shah, S. I. W.; Team, GLAST (2015). "Estimation of Electron Temperature on Glass Spherical Tokamak (GLAST)". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 591 (1): 012009. Bibcode:2015JPhCS.591a2009H. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/591/1/012009. ISSN 1742-6596.
- ^ a b c Hussain, S.; et al. (21 Jan 2016). "Initial Plasma Formation in the GLAST-II Spherical Tokamak". Journal of Fusion Energy. 35 (3): 529–537. doi:10.1007/s10894-015-0052-z. ISSN 0164-0313. S2CID 254642251.
- ^ Qayyum et al., Time-resolved measurement of plasma parameters by means of triple probe, Review of Scientific Instruments 84, 123502 (2013).
- ^ Qayyum et al., Triple-probe Diagnostic Measurements in Plasma of GLAST Spherical Tokamak, J Fusion Energ, 35 (2016) 205-213.
- ^ a b Qayyum, A.; Ahmad, S.; Deeba, F.; Hussain, S. (Nov 2016). "Plasma measurements in pulse discharge with resistively heated emissive probe". High Temperature. 54 (6): 802–807. doi:10.1134/s0018151x16060158. ISSN 0018-151X. S2CID 254550304.
- ^ Hussain, S; Qayyum, A; Ahmad, Z; Ahmad, S; Khan, R; Naveed, M A; Ali, R; Deeba, F; Vorobyov, G M and GLAST Team (20 Jun 2017). "Electrical and optical measurements in the early hydrogen discharge of GLAST-III". Plasma Science and Technology. 19 (8): 085103. Bibcode:2017PlST...19h5103H. doi:10.1088/2058-6272/aa68db. ISSN 1009-0630. S2CID 100202543.
- ^ a b Qayyum, A.; Deeba, Farah; Usman Naseer, M.; Ahmad, S.; Javed, M.A.; Hussain, S. (Sep 2018). "A photodiode array and Langmuir probe for characterizing plasma in GLAST-III tokamak device". Measurement. 125: 56–62. Bibcode:2018Meas..125...56Q. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.04.075. ISSN 0263-2241. S2CID 117336134.
- ^ Khan, R.; Nazir, M.; Ali, A.; Hussain, S.; Vorobyev, G.M. (Jan 2018). "Development of microwave pre-ionization source for GLAST tokamak". Fusion Engineering and Design. 126: 10–14. Bibcode:2018FusED.126...10K. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.11.002. ISSN 0920-3796.
- ^ a b Ahmad, Zahoor; Ahmad, S.; Naveed, M. A.; Deeba, F.; Javeed, M. Aqib; Batool, S.; Hussain, S.; Vorobyov, G. M. (2017). "Optimization of magnetic field system for glass spherical tokamak GLAST-III". Physica Scripta. 92 (4): 045601. Bibcode:2017PhyS...92d5601A. doi:10.1088/1402-4896/aa6458. ISSN 1402-4896. S2CID 125625408.
- ^ a b Ahmad, Zahoor; Ahmad, S.; Deeba, F.; Qayyum, A.; Naveed, M. A.; Khan, R.; Ali, Rafaqat; Javeed, M. Aqib; Ahmed, N.; Hussain, S. (2019). "Start-Up Studies of GLAST-III Spherical Tokamak in the Presence of Poloidal Field". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 47 (2): 4729–4737. Bibcode:2019ITPS...47.4729A. doi:10.1109/TPS.2019.2936265. ISSN 1939-9375. S2CID 203040761.
Further reading
edit- "Pakistan launches national fusion program". ITER. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Retrieved 6 January 2013.