The Garden Mountain Cluster is a region in the Jefferson National Forest recognized by The Wilderness Society for its diversity of habitats extending along the east, south and west of Burke's Garden. The cluster, part of the Appalachian Mountains in southwest Virginia, connects wildlands in the high country of Garden Mountain and adjacent streams and ridges in one of the most remote areas of Virginia.[1][2]
| Garden Mountain Cluster | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view of Garden Mountain where it encircles Burke's Garden | |
  Location of Garden Mountain Cluster in Virginia  Garden Mountain Cluster (the United States) | |
| Location | Bland, Tazewell, Smyth Counties Virginia, United States |
| Nearest town | Tazewell, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°6′27″N 81°20′28″W / 37.10750°N 81.34111°W |
| Administrator | U.S. Forest Service |
Description
editThe Garden Mountain Cluster contains seven wildlands with different degrees of protection: wilderness areas, a study area and two areas recognized by the Wilderness Society as "Mountain Treasures", areas that are worthy of protection from logging and road construction.[1]
The areas in the cluster are:
- Wilderness Areas
- Study Areas
- Wild areas recognized by the Wilderness Society as "Mountain Treasures"
Location and access
edit
The cluster extends around the western, southern and eastern sides of Burke's Garden. VA 16, on the southern side, and VA 42, on the eastern side, intersect with roads leading into the cluster. Access from Burke's Garden is somewhat restricted because of the steep rise of the slopes around the bowl forming the garden.
The Appalachian Trail passes through the full length of the cluster for 26.6 miles. From north to south, the trail crosses Va 615, Suiter Road, to enter the cluster at Hunting Camp Creek Wilderness. The trail climbs Brushy Mountain, then descends to cross Hunting Camp Creek, passes by Jenkins Shelter, climbs Garden Mountain, continues along the ridge of Garden Mountain with views of Burke's Garden, passes by Davis Farm Campsite, and crosses Va 623. The trail then enters Garden Mountain Wilderness continuing along the ridge of Garden Mountain. After leaving Garden Mountain Wilderness, the trail passes by Chestnut Ridge Shelter, goes along the boundary of Beartown Wilderness then turns south, descends through Beartown Wilderness Addition B, crosses USFS road 222, Poor Valley Road, to reach Lick Creek. Now the trail enters Lynn Camp Creek Wilderness Study Area, crosses over Lynn Camp Mountain reaching Lynn Camp Creek, then ascends Brushy Mountain passing Knot Maul Branch Shelter before descending to VA 42 to exit the cluster at the boundary of the wilderness study area.[3]
Roads and trails in the cluster are shown on National Geographic Map 787 (Blacksburg, New River Valley).[4] A great variety of information, including topographic maps, aerial views, satellite data and weather information, is obtained by selecting the link with the wild land's coordinates in the upper right of this page.
Biological significance
edit
The land form, climate, soils and geology of the Appalachian highlands, as well as its evolutionary history, have created one of the most diverse collection of plants and animals in the deciduous forests of the temperate world. The cluster's large tract of land supports species, such as black bear and some bird species, that require extensive tracts of unbroken forest for survival.[5]
The cluster provides habitat and watershed for species that are critically imperiled (G1), imperiled (G2) or vulnerable (G3), as indicated by their NatureServe conservation status. The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Natural Heritage Program gives a list of these species for the counties included in the cluster, Bland, Smyth and Wythe. Among these are:[6][7]
Animals
editMammals:
- Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis,[8] G2
- Northern long-eared myotis, Myotis septentrionalis,[9] G1, G2
- Virginia big-eared bat, Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus,[10] G3, G4, T2
Amphibians:
- Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis,[11] G3, G4
- Northern pygmy salamander, Desmognathus organi,[12] G3
- Weller's salamander, Plethodon welleri,[13] G3
Fish:
- Blotchside logperch, Percina burtoni,[14] G2, G3
- Bluestone sculpin, Cottus,[15] G2
- Candy darter, Etheostoma osburni,[16] G3
- Clinch dace, Chrosomus,[17] G1
- Clinch sculpin, Cottus,[18] G1, G2
- Ohio lamprey, Ichthyomyzon bdellium,[19] G3, G4
- Popeye shiner, Notropis ariommus,[20] G3
- Sickle darter, Percina williamsi,[21] G2
- Tennessee dace, Chrosomus tennesseensis,[22] G3
- Turquoise shiner, Erimonax monachus,[23] G2
- Yellowfin madtom, Noturus flavipinnis,[24] G1
Annelida (segmented worms):
- A cave lumbriculid worm, Stylodrilus beattiei,[25] G2, G3
Arachnida (spiders and pseudoscorpions):
- A cave pseudoscorpion, Kleptochthonius,[26] G1
- A cave pseudoscorpion, Kleptochthonius regulus,[27] G1, G2
- Spruce-fir moss spider, Microhexura montivaga,[28] G1
Bivalvia (mussels):
- Cumberland bean, Villosa trabalis,[29] G1
- Fine-rayed pigtoe, Fusconaia cuneolus,[30] G1
- Fluted kidneyshell, Ptychobranchus subtentum,[31] G2
- Green floater, Lasmigona subviridis,[32] G3
- Little-winged pearlymussel, Pegias fabula,[33] G1
- Oyster mussel, Epioblasma capsaeformis,[34] G1
- Purple bean, Villosa perpurpurea,[35] G1
- Purple liliput, Toxolasma lividum,[36] G3Q
- Rough rabbitsfoot, Theliderma cylindrica,[37] G3, G4
- Shiny pigtoe, Fusconaia cor,[38] G1
- Slabside pearlymussel, Pleuronaia dolabelloides,[39] G2
- Spectaclecase, Margaritifera monodonta,[40] G3
- Tan riffleshell, Epioblasma florentina aureola,[41] G1
- Tennessee clubshell, Pleurobema oviforme,[42] G2, G3
- Tennessee heelsplitter, Lasmigona holstonia,[43] G3
- Tennessee pigtoe, Pleuronaia barnesiana,[[44] G2, G3
Crustacea (amphipods, isopods and decapods):
- A groundwater amphipod, Stygobromus,[45] G2, G3
- Incurved cave isopod, Caecidotea incurva,[46] G2, G4
- Tug Valley crayfish, Cambarus hatfieldi,[47] GNR
Gastropoda (snails):
- Spiny riversnail, Io fluvialis,[48] G2
Turbellaria (flatworms):
- A cave planarian, Geocentrophora cavernicola,[49] G1, G2
- Chandler's planarian, Sphalloplana chandleri,[50] G1, G2
Coleoptera (beetles):
- Burkes Garden cave beetle, Pseudanophthalmus hortulanus,[51] G1
- Hoffman's cave beetle, Pseudanophthalmus hoffmani,[52] G2, G3
- Maiden Spring cave beetle, Pseudanophthalmus virginicus,[53] G1
- Vicariant cave beetle, Pseudanophthalmus vicarius,[54] G2, G3
Diplopoda (millipedes):
- A millipede, Cleidogona lachesis,[55] G2
- A millipede, Pseudotremia momus,[56] G2
- A millipede, Dixioria pela,[57] G2, T2
- A millipede, Dixioria fowleri,[58] G2
- A millipede, Pseudotremia tuberculata,[59] G2, G3
- A millipede, Appalachioria separanda hamata,[60] G3, T2
- Armes' rough-backed millipede, Pseudotremia armesi,[61] G2
- Big Cedar Creek millipede, Appalachioria falcifera,[62] G1
- Hoffman's cleidogonid millipede, Cleidogona hoffmani,[63] G3
Diplura (diplurans):
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths):
- Regal fritillary, Speyeria idalia,[65] G3
Mecoptera (scorpionflies):
- Jefferson's short-nosed scorpionfly, Brachypanorpa jeffersoni,[66] G2
Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies):
- Skillet clubtail, Gomphus ventricosus,[67] G3
Plecoptera (stoneflies):
- Big stripetail stonefly, Isoperla major,[68] G1
- Cryptic willowfly, Taeniopteryx nelsoni,[69] G1
- Smokies needlefly, Megaleuctra williamsae,[70] G2
- Virginia stonefly, Acroneuria kosztarabi,[71] G1, G2
Plants
editNon-vascular plants:
- A liverwort, Marsupella paroica,[72] G3
- A liverwort, Bazzania nudicaulis,[73] G2, G3
- A moss, Oncophorus raui,[74] G3
- Horsehair threadwort, Sphenolobopsis pearsonii,[75] G2?
- Rock gnome lichen, Cetradonia linearis,[76] G3
- Sullivant's leafy liverwort, Plagiochila sullivantii,[77] G2
- A lichen, Punctelia graminicola,[78] GNR
Vascular plants:
- Appalachian black cohosh, Actaea rubifolia,[79] G3
- Basil mountain-mint, Pycnanthemum clinopodioides,[80] G1, G2
- Blue Ridge purple sedge, Carex manhartii,[81] G3, G4
- Bog bluegrass, Poa paludigena,[82] G3
- Box huckleberry, Gaylussacia brachycera,[83] G3
- Canby's mountain-lover, Paxistima canbyi,[84] G2
- Carey's saxifrage, Micranthes careyana,[85] G3
- Fraser fir, Abies fraseri,[86] G2
- Glade spurge, Euphorbia purpurea,[87] G3
- Gray's lily, Lilium grayi,[88] G3
- Large-leaved grass-of-parnassus, Parnassia grandifolia,[89] G3
- Long-stalked holly, Ilex collina,[90] G3
- Mountain bittercress, Cardamine clematitis,[91] G3
- Piratebush, Buckleya distichophylla,[92] G3
- Roan Mountain sedge, Carex roanensis,[93] G2, G3
- Tennessee pondweed, Potamogeton tennesseensis,[94] G2, G3
- Torrey's mountainmint, Pycnanthemum torreyi,[95] G2
- Virginia roundleaf birch, Betula lenta var. uber,[96] G1Q
Natural communities
editPlant communities include:
- Terrestrial, high elevation forests, grasslands, and rock outcrops
Mount Rogers - spruce-fir forest - Spruce and fir forests[97]
- Southern Appalachian red spruce forest (deciduous shrub type)
Picea rubens / Viburnum lantanoides - Vaccinium erythrocarpum / Huperzia lucidula - Clintonia borealis forest,[98] G2 - Southern Appalachian red spruce forest (evergreen shrub type)
Picea rubens - (Abies fraseri) / (Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron maximum) forest,[99] G1 - Southern Appalachian red spruce - northern hardwood forest / rhododendron forest
Picea rubens - Betula alleghaniensis / Rhododendron (R. maximum, R. catawbiense) forest,[100] G1?
- Southern Appalachian red spruce forest (deciduous shrub type)
- Southern Appalachian shrub and grass balds[101]
- Southern Appalachian grassy bald
Danthonia compressa - Carex brunnescens - Sibbaldia tridentata herbaceous vegetation,[102] G1 - Southern Appalachian deciduous heath bald
Menziesia pilosa - Vaccinium (V. erythrocarpum, V. simulatum, V. corymbosum) - Sorbus americana shrubland,[103] G2
- Southern Appalachian grassy bald
- Northern hardwood forests[104]
- Southern Appalachian northern hardwood forest
Acer saccharum - Betula alleghaniensis - Fagus grandifolia - Aesculus flava / Ageratina altissima var. roanensis - Eurybia chlorolepis forest,[105] G3, G4
- Southern Appalachian northern hardwood forest
- High-elevation cove forest[106]
- Southern Appalachian high-elevation rich cove forest
Acer saccharum - Aesculus flava - Betula alleghaniensis / Caulophyllum thalictroides - Actaea podocarpa - Dryopteris intermedia forest,[107] G3
- Southern Appalachian high-elevation rich cove forest
- Spruce and fir forests[97]
- Terrestrial-low elevation mesic forests
- Rich cove forest[108]
- Southern Appalachian rich cove forest (sugar maple - buckeye type)
Acer saccharum - Tilia americana var. heterophylla - Aesculus flava / Caulophyllum thalictroides - Hydrophyllum (H. canadense, H. macrophyllum) forest,[109] G3, G4 - Southern Appalachian limestone rich cove forest
Tilia americana var. heterophylla - Aesculus flava - Acer saccharum / Staphylea trifolia / Cystopteris bulbifera - Asarum canadense forest,[110] G3, G4
- Southern Appalachian rich cove forest (sugar maple - buckeye type)
- Montane mixed oak and oak - hickory forests[111]
- Southern Appalachian montane mixed oak forest (northern red oak - chestnut oak submesic type)
Quercus rubra - Quercus montana - Magnolia (M. acuminata, M. fraseri) / Acer pensylvanicum forest,[112] G4? - Central Appalachian montane oak - hickory forest (acidic type)
Quercus rubra - Quercus (Q. montana, Q. alba) - Carya ovalis / Carex pensylvanica - (Calamagrostis porteri) forest,[113] G3, G4
- Southern Appalachian montane mixed oak forest (northern red oak - chestnut oak submesic type)
- Rich cove forest[108]
- Terrestrial low-elevation woodlands, barrens, and rock outcrops
- Mountain / piedmont acidic woodlands[114]
- Central Appalachian xeric chestnut oak - Virginia pine woodland
Quercus montana - Pinus virginiana - (Pinus pungens) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Dichanthelium depauperatum woodland,[115] G3? - Appalachian xeric pine outcrop woodland
Pinus (P. rigida, P. virginiana) / Gaylussacia baccata / (Carex pensylvanica, Danthonia spicata) woodland,[116] G3
- Central Appalachian xeric chestnut oak - Virginia pine woodland
- Mountain/piedmont cliffs[117]
- Southern Appalachian mesic calcareous cliff
(Hydrangea arborescens, Physocarpus opulifolius) / Heuchera villosa - Micranthes caroliniana shrub herbaceous vegetation,[118] G2
- Southern Appalachian mesic calcareous cliff
- Mountain / piedmont acidic woodlands[114]
- Palustrine - non-alluvial wetlands of the mountains
- Montane woodland seeps[119]
- Southern Appalachian high-elevation seep (umbrella-leaf - lettuce saxifrage type)
Diphylleia cymosa - Micranthes micranthidifolia - Laportea canadensis herbaceous vegetation,[120] G3 - Ridge and valley inland salt marsh
Juncus gerardii - Bolboschoenus robustus - Hibiscus moscheutos herbaceous vegetation,[121] G1
- Southern Appalachian high-elevation seep (umbrella-leaf - lettuce saxifrage type)
- Montane woodland seeps[119]
Geologic history
editThe cluster is in the Ridge and Valley Province that extends along the western boundary of Virginia. The Ridge and Valley Province is composed of long, relatively level-crested, ridges with highest elevations reaching over 3,600 feet (1,100 m). The province marks the eastern boundary in the Paleozoic era of an older land surface on the east. It was uplifted and eroded during the Paleozoic with extensive folding and thrust-faulting. Resistant quartzite, conglomerates and sandstones form the ridge caps while less resistant shales and limestones eroded to form the intervening valleys.[5][122]: 60 The province is part of the Appalachian Mountains.
Garden Mountain extends from Abingdon to the New River, where the ridge of Garden Mountain continues across the river but is now named Sinking Creek Mountain.[123] The mountain completely surrounds Burkes Garden, an unusual geologic formation. From above Burke's Garden looks like the remnant of a volcano or a large lake. It is about 10 miles long and 5 miles wide (16 × 8 km). Called the Great Swamp by Native Americans, it was probably too wet for crops. There are several proposals about its creation. One claims the valley was a lake drained by a creek, Burke's Garden Creek, flowing through the gap on the western edge. Another claims it was a 6,500-foot (2,000 m) dome formed by a sandstone cap. Eroded by water, the cap cracked forming a flat valley below.[124]
The Tennessee Valley Divide passes through the cluster along the southern rim of Burke's Garden, dividing the drainage for the Tennessee River and the New River. Roaring Fork, Lick Creek and Lynn Camp Creek, on the southwest, flow into the North Holston River which then flows into the Tennessee. Hunting Camp Creek, on the northeast, is part of the New River drainage. Both the New River and Tennessee River flow into the Ohio River.[4][125]
Cultural history
edit
.jpg)
According to legend, Burke's Garden was discovered in about 1748 by James Burk while chasing a wounded elk. After eating some potatoes, he covered the peelings with dirt in order to hide his presence from Indians. Later explorers, finding a large patch of potatoes that had sprouted from the peelings, named the place as "Burk's Garden". The "e" on the end of the name was added at a later time. The area was settled by German Lutherans who were so attached to the area that they refused to sell their land to George Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt, looking for a place to build a home, moved to North Carolina where he built the largest private home in America, the Biltmore Estate.[124]
Tazewell, the largest town near the cluster and the seat of Tazewell County, has served as the financial center for the agricultural and coal mining interests in the region. Evidence of prosperity is given by the large homes built on several hills. The town was incorporated in 1866. The county was named for Henry Tazewell, who served from 1794 to 1799 as a United States senator.[126]
Other clusters
editOther clusters of the Wilderness Society's "Mountain Treasures" in the Jefferson National Forest (north to south):
Gallery
editAnimals
edit-
Virginia big-eared bat female -
Noturus flavipinnis -
Spruce-fir moss spider -
Pegias fabula -
Villosa perpurpurea -
Io fluvialis -
Regal fritillary
Plants
edit-
Cetradonia linearis -
Parnassia grandifolia -
Pirate bush
_BHL23630327.jpg)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Parsons, Shireen (May 1999). Virginia's Mountain Treasures, The Unprotected Wildlands of the Jefferson National Forest. Washington, D. C.: The Wilderness Society, OCLC: 42806366. p. 44.
- ^ Bamford, Sherman (February 2013). A Review of the Virginia Mountain Treasures of the Jefferson National Forest. Blacksburg, Virginia: Sierra Club, OCLC: 893635467. p. 59.
- ^ Appalachian Trail Guide, Southwest Virginia (6th ed.). Harpers Ferry: Appalachian Trail Conservancy. 2015. pp. 63–79. ISBN 978-1-889386-93-5.
- ^ a b Trails Illustrated Maps (2011). Blacksburg, New River Valley (Trails Illustrated Hiking Maps, 787). Washington, D. C.: National Geographic Society.
- ^ a b Stephenson, Steven L.; Ash, Andrew N.; Stauffer, Dean F. (1993). Appalachian Oak Forests, Chapter 6 in Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States, Upland Terrestrial Communities edited by Martin, Boyce and Echternacht. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 255-264. ISBN 0-471-58594-7.
- ^ "Natural Heritage Data Explorer". Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Natural Heritage Technical Report 17-07" (PDF). The Natural Communities of Virginia: Ecological Groups and Community Types. COMMONWEALTH of VIRGINIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ "Myotis sodalis - Miller and Allen, 1928" Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Myotis septentrionalis - (Trovessart, 1897)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus - Handley, 1955" Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis - (Daudin, 1803)" Archived 2009-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Desmognathus organi - Crespi, Browne, and Rissler, 2010"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Plethodon welleri - Walker, 1931"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Percina burtoni - Fowler, 1945"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Cottus sp. 1"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Etheostoma osburni - (Hubbs and Trautman, 1932)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Chrosomus sp. 1"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Cottus sp. 4"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Ichthyomyzon bdellium - (Jordan, 1885)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Notropis ariommus - (Cope, 1867)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Percina williamsi - Page and Near, 2007"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Chrosomus tennesseensis - (Starnes and Jenkins, 1988)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Erimonax monachus - (Cope, 1868)" Archived 2007-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Noturus flavipinnis - Taylor, 1969" Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Stylodrilus beattiei - Cook, 1975"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Kleptochthonius sp. 1 - Muchmore"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Kleptochthonius regulus - Muchmore, 1970"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Microhexura montivaga - Crosby and Bishop, 1925" Archived 2007-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ Villosa trabalis Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine[clarification needed]
- ^ "Fusconaia cuneolus - (I. Lea, 1840)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Ptychobranchus subtentus - (Say, 1825)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Lasmigona subviridis - (Conrad, 1835)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pegias fabula - (I. Lea, 1838)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Epioblasma capsaeformis - (I. Lea, 1834)" Archived 2007-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ Villosa perpurpurea Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine[clarification needed]
- ^ "Toxolasma lividum - Rafinesque, 1831"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Theliderma cylindrica - (Say, 1817)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Fusconaia cor - (Conrad, 1834)" Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pleuronaia dolabelloides - (I. Lea, 1840)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Margaritifera monodonta - (Say, 1829)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Epioblasma aureola - Jones and Neves, 2010"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pleurobema oviforme - (Conrad, 1834)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Lasmigona holstonia - (I. Lea, 1838)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=PLEURONAIA+BARNESIANA[permanent dead link] "Pleuronaia barnesiana - (I. Lea, 1838)"]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Stygobromus sp. 8"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Caecidotea incurva - (Steeves, 1968)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Cambarus hatfieldi - Loughman, Fagundo, Lau, Welsh, and Thoma, 2013"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Io fluvialis - (Say, 1825)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Geocentrophora cavernicola - Carpenter, 1970"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Sphalloplana chandleri - Kenk, 1977"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Pseudanophthalmus hortulanus - Barr, 1965"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pseudanophthalmus hoffmani - Barr, 1965"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pseudanophthalmus virginicus - (Barr, 1960)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pseudanophthalmus vicarius - Barr, 1965"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Cleidogona lachesis - Shear, 1972"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pseudotremia momus - Shear, 1972"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Dixioria pela coronata - Hoffman, 1949"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Dixioria fowleri - Hoffman, 1956"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pseudotremia tuberculata - Loomis, 1939"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Appalachioria separanda hamata - (Keeton, 1959)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Pseudotremia armesi - Shear, 1972"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Appalachioria falcifera - (Keeton, 1959)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Cleidogona hoffmani - Shear, 1972"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ "Litocampa sp. 2"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Speyeria idalia - (Drury, 1773)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Brachypanorpa jeffersoni - Byers, 1976"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Gomphurus ventricosus - (Walsh, 1862)"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Isoperla major - Nelson and Kondratieff, 1983"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Taeniopteryx nelsoni - Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1982"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Megaleuctra williamsae - Hanson, 1941"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Acroneuria kosztarabi - Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1993"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Marsupella paroica - Schust."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Bazzania nudicaulis - Evans"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Oncophorus rauei - (Austin) Grout"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Sphenolobopsis pearsonii - (Spruce) Schust."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Cetradonia linearis - (Evans) Wei & Ahti"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Plagiochila sullivantii - Gottsche ex. Evans"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Punctelia graminicola - (B. de Lesd.) Egan"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Actaea rubifolia - (Kearney) Kartesz"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Pycnanthemum clinopodioides - Torr. & Gray"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Carex manhartii - Bryson"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Poa paludigena - Fern. & Wieg."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Gaylussacia brachycera - (Michx.) Gray" Archived 2008-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Paxistima canbyi - Gray"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Micranthes careyana - (A. Gray) Small"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Abies fraseri - (Pursh) Poir. "[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Euphorbia purpurea - (Raf.) Fern."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Lilium grayi - S. Wats."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Parnassia grandifolia - DC."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Ilex collina - Alexander"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Cardamine clematitis - Shuttlw. ex Gray"[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Buckleya distichophylla - (Nutt.) Torr."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Carex roanensis - F.J. Herm."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Potamogeton tennesseensis - Fern."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Pycnanthemum torrei - Benth."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ "Betula uber - (Ashe) Fern."[permanent dead link]. NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ ""Spruce and Fir Forests"". The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Groups and Community Types Third Approximation (Version 3.1) Information current as of November 2018. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ "Picea rubens - (Abies fraseri) / Vaccinium erythrocarpum / Dryopteris campyloptera / Hylocomium splendens Forest". Nature Explorer. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ "Picea rubens - (Abies fraseri) / (Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron maximum) Forest". Nature Serve Explorer. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
- ^ "Picea rubens - (Betula alleghaniensis, Aesculus flava) / Rhododendron (maximum, catawbiense) Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Southern Appalachian Shrub and Grass Balds". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Danthonia compressa - (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata) Grassland". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ "Menziesia pilosa - Vaccinium (erythrocarpum, simulatum, corymbosum) - Sorbus americana Shrubland". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Northern Hardwood Forests". Virginia Department of Conservation nd Recreation. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Betula alleghaniensis - Fagus grandifolia / Viburnum lantanoides / Eurybia chlorolepis - Dryopteris intermedia Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "High-Elevation Cove Forests". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Aesculus flava - Betula alleghaniensis - Acer saccharum / Caulophyllum thalictroides - Actaea podocarpa Forest". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ "Rich Cove Forests". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Aesculus flava - Acer saccharum - (Tilia americana var. heterophylla) / Hydrophyllum canadense - Solidago flexicaulis Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Tilia americana var. heterophylla - Aesculus flava - Acer saccharum / Cystopteris bulbifera - Asarum canadense Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ "Montane Mixed Oak and Oak - Hickory Forests". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Quercus rubra - Quercus montana - Magnolia (acuminata, fraseri) / Acer pensylvanicum Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Quercus montana - Quercus rubra - Carya ovalis / Carex pensylvanica - (Calamagrostis porteri) Forest". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Mountain / Piedmont Acidic Woodlands". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Quercus montana - Pinus virginiana - (Pinus pungens) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Dichanthelium depauperatum Woodland". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Pinus rigida - Quercus montana / Gaylussacia baccata / Carex pensylvanica Woodland". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Mountain / Piedmont Cliffs". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "(Hydrangea arborescens) / Heuchera villosa - Asplenium trichomanes - Thalictrum clavatum / Conocephalum salebrosum Cliff Shrubland". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Montane Woodland Seeps". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Diphylleia cymosa - Saxifraga micranthidifolia - Laportea canadensis Forested Herbaceous Seep". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Bolboschoenus robustus - Juncus gerardii - Hordeum jubatum - Atriplex patula Saline Marsh". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ Chew, Collins (1988). Underfoot: A Geologic Guide to the Appalachian Trail. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Appalachian Trail Conference. ISBN 0-917953-25-8.
- ^ Winegar, Deane and Garvey (1998). Highroad Guide to the Virginia Mountains. Marietta, Georgia: Longstreet Press, Inc. p. 102. ISBN 1-56352-462-7.
- ^ a b Tennis, Joe (2004). Southwest Virginia Crossroads. Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 1570722560.
- ^ "Virginia's Rivers". Geology of Virginia. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ Virginia Writers Project (1940). Virginia, A Guide to the Old Dominion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 435.
Further reading
edit- Stephenson, Steven L., A Natural History of the Central Appalachians, 2013, West Virginia University Press, West Virginia, ISBN 978-1933202-68-6.
- Davis, Donald Edward, Where There Are Mountains, An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians, 2000, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia. ISBN 0-8203-2125-7.