Edgar Garfield Finlay, DFC (7 September 1893 – 18 April 1958) was an Australian flying ace of the First World War. He served with distinction in the Gallipoli Campaign as a noncommissioned officer in the Light Horse. After transferring to the Australian Flying Corps, he was commissioned and served as an aerial observer. In this role he was credited with eight aerial victories before training as a pilot.
Garfield Finlay | |
|---|---|
| Born | 7 September 1893 Glebe, New South Wales |
| Died | 1958 |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service | Australian Imperial Force Australian Flying Corps Royal Australian Air Force |
| Years of service | 1915–1919 c.1940–1945 |
| Rank | Wing Commander |
| Unit | 12th Light Horse Regiment No. 1 Squadron AFC |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross Mentioned in Despatches |
After a civilian career in the advertising industry between the wars, he returned to service during the Second World War, rising to the rank of wing commander in the Royal Australian Air Force.
Early life
editGarfield Finlay was born on 7 September 1893 in Glebe, New South Wales. His mother was Elizabeth Finlay (formerly Munro).[1] Prior to the First World War, he lived in West Perth, Western Australia and worked as a wool-classer.[2] Before enlisting he had a successful swimming career, winning six Australian breaststroke titles between 1909 and 1914, including a world record in the 220 yards breaststroke at the 1912 titles at City Baths in Perth. In 1911, he won the Australian breaststroke championship and the international King's Cup of the Royal Life Saving Society in London. The King of Sweden invited him to Sweden where he won the Swedish championships, receiving two magnificent solid silver cups engraved with Primus Bland Simmagistrar 1911.[3] He served two years in the Mounted Police before enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force on 22 January 1915. At the time of enlistment, he was working as a labourer.[1]
First World War
editFinlay joined "B" Squadron, 12th Light Horse Regiment, 4th Light Horse Brigade on 22 January 1915. He was living in Darlinghurst at the time, and listed his mother Elizabeth living in Perth as his next of kin.[4] On 13 June 1915, Finlay was a corporal when he embarked on HMAT Suevic to depart Sydney.[5] He was promoted to sergeant in October.[2] He served with distinction in the Gallipoli Campaign, rising to the rank of staff sergeant major.[6] As the campaign came to an end, he was attached to the 7th Light Horse Regiment, and was recommended for a Mention in Despatches for his actions as one of the last 25 men evacuated from the peninsula.[7][8][9] He was returned to the 12th Light Horse on 21 February 1916.[1][10]
Finlay then served and served in a machine gun section of the Imperial Camel Corps.[9] He was commissioned in March 1917.[2] A visit to a friend serving in the Royal Flying Corps sparked Finlay's transfer to aviation[9] in July 1917. He remained in the Middle East, being assigned to No. 1 Squadron AFC. On 29 November 1917, he scored his first aerial victory while flying as an aerial observer in a Royal Aircraft Factory RE.8.[2]
Finlay was wounded twice by anti-aircraft shrapnel on a flight that took place between 10 January and 20 January.[11] On 1 February 1918, The Sydney Morning Herald reported Lieutenant Garfield Finlay as being wounded in action but remaining on duty, with no date given for the wounding.[12] Finlay scored his second confirmed victory on 29 March 1918, and would run his victory tally to eight confirmed and eight more unconfirmed by 22 August 1918.[13]
Finlay's aerial victories came during the Allied drive for air superiority over Axis pilots flying for the Ottoman Empire. While Australian and British pilots fought aerial battles when necessary, their emphasis was on reconnaissance for Allied ground troops, destruction of enemy aircraft and aviation facilities, and other ground attack missions on enemy infantry and cavalry. In this Allied airmen were so successful that they were virtually without air opposition when they supported Allenby's final smashing drive at the Battle of Megiddo. There were several instances during this drive of Turkish units being mauled into collapse by Allied air power.[14]
On 21 September 1918,[15] as part of the Megiddo action, Garfield Finlay, his pilot Alan Brown, and another air crew discovered that several miles of the road leading out of Balata was crowded with Ottoman transport and troops retreating from Allenby's army. The two air crews bombed the front and rear of the column, immobilizing it. A radio message back to their airfield brought on follow-up air strikes. One Allied bomber squadron flew six bombing sorties. Forty-four thousand rounds of machine gun ammunition were expended during the raids. Constrained by cliffs on one side of the ancient Roman highway and trackless hills on the other, the Turks suffered heavy casualties. Friendly ground forces sweeping the area later found about 800 horse-drawn wagons abandoned along the road, along with 90 artillery pieces, 50 lorries, and half a dozen automobiles, along with assorted water carts and field kitchens.[9] This notable action was mentioned in Finlay's award citation for the Distinguished Flying Cross, for which he was recommended on 2 October 1918.[2][16] In his career as an observer, Finlay was credited with eight confirmed aerial victories, before undertaking pilot training late in the war.[17]
Post-war
editGarfield Finlay's Distinguished Flying Cross would not be gazetted until 8 February 1919, in conjunction with Alan Brown:
On 22nd August (1918) Captain Brown, with Lieutenant Finlay as his observer, attacked an enemy two-seater, forcing it to land in our lines. On four other occasions these officers have engaged and destroyed enemy aircraft, displaying marked gallantry and skill. In addition, they have rendered most valuable service in attacking enemy cavalry, antiaircraft guns and other ground targets, inflicting heavy loss.[18]
Another belated honour was a Mention in Despatches for his services in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which would not come until 12 January 1920.[19]
Once released to civilian life in March 1919,[17] Finlay spent ten years in the United States, working in advertising.[9] He was an entrepreneur who tried many business ideas including flying box kites advertising Lucky Strike cigarettes in the US. He brought the American idea of advertising on bus stops to Australia as well as the fedora hat.[citation needed] He returned to military service at the beginning of the Second World War; a 24 February 1940 news article mentions him serving as the adjutant of a Royal Australian Air Force training depot at Laverton, ranked as a flying officer.[9] He would rise to the rank of wing commander,[2] serving in the 1st Tactical Air Force's headquarters before being discharged on 16 July 1945.[20]
On 21 April 1949 he dissolved a partnership in a popcorn company in Western Australia, with the intent of continuing it as an individual enterprise.[21] After World War II, he also set up a potato crisp and salted roasted peanut factory in Williamtown, Melbourne where he manufactured Finlay's chips and peanuts until his death in 1958. He was a heavy smoker and nicotine stains can be seen on his fingers in photographs, even when he was a young man in World War I.[citation needed]
Personal
editHe married Emily Elizabeth Stein. Finlay died of a heart attack on 18 April 1958, aged 65 and was cremated at Spring Vale Crematorium.[citation needed]
List of aerial victories
edit- Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Unconfirmed victories are denoted by "u/c".
| No. | Date/time | Aircraft | Foe | Result | Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 November 1917 @ 0830 hours |
Royal Aircraft Factory RE.8 (A4408) |
Albatros D.III | Driven down out of control | South-west of Samaria | Pilot: Lt. R. A. Austin |
| u/c | 29 November 1917 | Royal Aircraft Factory RE.8 (A4408) |
Albatros D.III | Driven down out of control | Tulkarm | |
| 2 | 27 March 1918 @ 0710 hours |
Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1140) |
AEG two-seater | Forced to land; destroyed | Kissir (south of Amman) | Pilot: Lt. J. M. Walker. Shared with Capt. D. W. Rutherford & Lt J. McElligott. |
| u/c | 2 May 1918 | Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1149) |
Enemy two-seater | Driven down | Suweilah | |
| 3 | 3 May 1918 @ 0700 hours |
Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1149) |
Enemy two-seater | Forced to land; destroyed | Southwest of Suweilah | Pilot: Allan Brown. Shared with Lt. G. V. Oxenham & Lt. H. A. Leach. |
| 4 | 9 May 1918 @ 1515 hours |
Bristol F.2b Fighter (C4623) |
Rumpler two-seater | Forced to land; destroyed | Jenin Airfield | Pilot: George Peters |
| 5 | 27 June 1918 @ 0645 hours |
Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1149) |
AEG two-seater | Destroyed | El Kutrani | Pilot: Allan Brown |
| u/c | 27 June 1918 | Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1149) |
AEG two-seater | Forced to land | El Kutrani | |
| 6 | 28 June 1918 @ 0630 hours |
Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1149) |
Albatros D.V fighter | Set afire; destroyed | Amman | Pilot: Lt. S. A. Numan. Shared with Carrick Paul and William Weir. |
| u/c | 3 July 1918 | Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1149) |
AEG two-seater | Forced to land | Al-Lubban Dan | Pilot: Allan Brown |
| u/c | 16 July 1918 | Bristol F.2 Fighter (B1284) |
Albatros D.V | Forced to land | Tulkarm | |
| u/c | 16 July 1918 | Bristol F.2 Fighter (B1284) |
Albatros D.V | Forced to land | Tulkarm | |
| u/c | 16 July 1918 | Bristol F.2 Fighter (B1284) |
Albatros D.V | Forced to land | Tulkarm | |
| u/c | 16 July 1918 | Bristol F.2 Fighter (B1284) |
Albatros D.V | Forced to land | Tulkarm | |
| 7 | 28 July 1918 @ 1200 hours |
Bristol F.2b Fighter (B1284) |
Rumpler two-seater | Forced to land; destroyed | North of Wadi Fareh | Pilot: Allan Brown. Shared with of Carrick Paul and William Weir. |
| 8 | 22 August 1918 @ 1315 hours |
Bristol F.2b Fighter | LVG two-seater | Captured | Ramleh | Pilot: Allan Brown |
Australian Swimming Championships
edit| Year | Venue | Event | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 | Municipal Baths, Domain, Sydney | 220 yards breaststroke | 3 minutes 17 1-5 sec |
| 1911 | Municipal Baths, Domain, Sydney | 220 yards breaststroke | 3 minutes 16 1-5 sec |
| 1912 | City Baths, Adelaide | 100 yards breaststroke | 1 minute 17 secs |
| 1912 | City Baths, Perth | 220 yards breaststroke | 3 minutes 12 secs |
| 1914 | South Brisbane Baths | 220 yards breaststroke | 3 minutes 10 secs |
| 1914 | Municipal Baths, Domain, Sydney | 100 yards breaststroke | 1 minute 15 3-5 secs |
References
edit- ^ a b c "Garfield Finlay's Attestation Paper". The Aerodrome. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Franks, Guest & Alegi (1997), pp. 16–17.
- ^ Finlay, Christine (April 2013). Personal communication from Dr. Christine Finlay, his grand-daughter, and photo supplied of one of the Swedish cups.
- ^ "Australian government enlistment records" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ "Australian government embarkation rolls". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ Hollis (2008), p. 24.
- ^ "Divisional commander's recommendation" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 December 2011. Note that his given name in this record is Edgar Garfield Finlay.
- ^ "Australian government service records" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Who's Who At Laverton". The Argus. No. 29176. Melbourne, Victoria. 24 February 1940. p. 2. Retrieved 8 December 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Hollis (2008), pp. 24, 100 & 105.
- ^ Cutlack (1941), p. 98.
- ^ "381st Casualty List". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 24984. Sydney, New South Wales. 1 February 1918. p. 5. Retrieved 8 December 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b "Garfield Finlay". Aces of the Australian Flying Corps 1914–1919. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ Cutlack (1941), pp. 121–171.
- ^ Cutlack (1941), pp. 159–161.
- ^ "Typescript recommendation for medal" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Garfield Finlay". The Aerodrome. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
- ^ "No. 31170". The London Gazette. 7 February 1919. pp. 2034–2036.
- ^ "No. 31728". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 January 1920. pp. 500–507.
- ^ "Finlay, Garfield". World War Two Nominal Roll. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
- ^ "Public Notices". The West Australian. Vol. 65, no. 19589. Perth, Western Australia. 29 April 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 8 December 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
Bibliography
edit- Cutlack, Frederic Morley (1941). The Australian Flying Corps: In the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918: Volume 8 of Official history of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 (11th ed.). Angus & Robertson. OCLC 220900299.
- Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell F. & Alegi, Gregory (1997). Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.
- Hollis, Kenneth (2008). Thunder of the Hooves: A History of 12 Australian Light Horse Regiment 1915–1919. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. ISBN 978-0-9803796-5-5.