A gat (Dutch: zeegat, gat; German: Seegatt, Seegat or diminutive Gatje) is an inshore channel or strait connecting coastal waters with the open sea or dividing two landmasses, such as two islands or an island and a peninsula.[1][2] Gats are usually relatively narrow but deep and are in many instances constantly eroded by currents flowing back and forth, such as tidal currents. The term is mostly used for features on the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts.
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According to Whittow a gat is either a strait dividing offshore islands from the mainland e.g. the Frisian Islands, or it is an opening in a line of sea cliffs allowing access to the coast from inland.[1] The term sometimes also refers to a shallower passage on lagoon coasts, including those without any tidal range, and can also refer to shallow bars in an area of mudflats.
It is similar, but not identical, to a gut, which is a narrow river channel or strait prior to joining an open ocean or estuary. Leser restricts its use to deep, but relatively narrow inlets in the Wadden Sea that are scoured out by currents, giving the example of the gap between the Frisian islands of Juist and Nordeney.[3]
In Dutch the term can be interpreted quite broadly, as it can refer to an entrance to the open sea formed by the mouth of an inlet, an inland sea or even a river; and also to an opening between coastal islands or coasts in general.[2]
Description
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The term "gat" is primarily (though not exclusively) applied to waterways of the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts of Europe. A similar term of related but not identical meaning, gut, is mainly applied to channels of the coastal waters of the Atlantic coast of North America.
Passages between inner and outer coastal waters, such as at the ends of spits of lagoons or along bodden coasts are also referred to as gats.[4]
Tidal effects and erosion
editThe comparatively large quantities of water that flow quite quickly through a gat cause heavy erosion that results in a channel deeper than the rest of the surrounding seabed and also endangers neighbouring islands. When the water masses from mud flats behind the islands surge out again into the sea as ebb currents, they flow rapidly again through the narrow gat. But as these water masses break out into the open sea, they spread out and slow down. As a result, on this seaward side of the gat, the particles of sand and mud carried with the water settle and form an ebb delta with its shallower waters between the islands. The sandbanks so formed are often known in Germany as plate (pronounced "plah-ter", see Kachelotplate). The point where the water pouring out of the gat runs over these banks, which often lie in an arc between the islands, is the sand bar (German: Barre). This is the shallowest part of the gat for shipping, but also the deepest point on the shallowest line between the islands. A flood delta is formed in a similar way on the landward side of the gat.
A navigation channel to the open sea is usually marked out in the gats by the waterway and shipping authorities. The area of the bar is usually the most dangerous spot; this is where rip tides and, especially when the current flows against the wind, very dangerous ground swells may occur.
Etymology
editThe name comes from the Low German and Dutch word "gat" which means "gap". "Gat" is incorporated into some Dutch or Dutch-derived proper names of passages (e. g. Kattegat, Veerse Gat) which may or may not be proper gats.[5] In English names, both "gat" (e. g. Fisherman's Gat) and "gut" (e. g. Digby Gut, Hull Gut, Gut of Canso) are seen.
In German, "Gat" (as well as "Seegatt" and the diminutive "Gatje") can refer to an arm of the sea which is not necessarily subject to strong tidal currents; for instance, the Prerower Strom ("Prerow Stream"), which is a regressive delta, is a gat.[6] Seegatt (also "Neues [Pillauer] Tief" [New {Pillau} Deep]) is the German proper name of the Strait of Baltiysk (Pillau) which connects the Vistula Lagoon to the Baltic Sea.[7]
The name of Hell Gate, a gat (or gut) in the East River of New York City, is derived from archaic Dutch Hellegat (meaning possibly "clear opening"),[8] a fairly common toponym (place name) for waterways in the Low Countries.[9]
List of gats
editThe following is a list of gats, including named gats that may or may not be true gats as defined above:
German Bight
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Netherlands
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Baltic Sea
edit- Kattegat (not strictly a gat despite its name)
- Seegatt
United Kingdom
edit- Cockle Gat, Yarmouth
- Fisherman's Gat, Thames Estuary
- Foulger's Gat, Thames Estuary
- Hasborough Gat, Yarmouth
- Nicholas Gat, Yarmouth
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 1984, pp. 214 and 240. ISBN 0-14-051094-X.
- ^ a b Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek, "Zeegat" (in Dutch). Accessed on July 5, 2024.
- ^ Leser, Hartmut, ed. (2005). Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie, 13th ed., dtv, Munich, p. 828. ISBN 978-3-423-03422-7.
- ^ Sinnwell, Armin; Riedel, Glenn (2003). "Wustrow, on the Fischland Isthmus". Bertelsmann, der große Deutschlandatlas [Bertelsmann, the Great Atlas of Germany]. Wissen Media Verlag. p. 75. ISBN 978-3577135313. Retrieved April 10, 2014. (in German)
- ^ Leser, Hartmut, ed. (1997). Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie [Dictionary of Geographical Terms]. Munich: Diercke. ISBN 978-3423034227. (in German)
- ^ de:Prerower Strom#Geschichte
- ^ Pierer's Universal Lexicon. Vol. 15. Altenburg. 1862. p. 741.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Retrieved at "Seegatt". Pierer's Universal Lexicon. Zeno.org. Retrieved April 10, 2014. (in German) - ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 154.
- ^ Van Dyck, Vic. "Hellegat en Hellegat" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2011-11-19.