Mbum language

Mbum
Mbum
Mboum, Buna, Mboumtiba and Wuna
Native to	Cameroon, Central African Republic
Native speakers	(51,000 cited 1982–1996)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Vorta-Congo North Adamawa–Ubangi Adamawa Mbum–Day Mbum Mbum; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mdd
Glottolog	mbum1254

Mbum Proper (also Mboum, Buna, Mboumtiba and Wuna)^[2] is a Adamawa–Ubangi language of Central Africa.^[3]^[4]^[1] It is spoken by about 50,000 people in Cameroon and the Central African Republic.^[1]

History

The Mbum language is spoken by the Mbum people who inhabit Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and Chad. While their origins are unclear, some believe that the Mbum were one of the earliest ethnic groups of the Adamawa Region.^[3]

The Mbum people have such a close relationship with the Dii people, and one which has persisted for so long, that outsiders often have a hard time distinguishing them.^[3] In the early nineteenth century, both groups came under the rule of the Fulani Muslims, who they are said to have intermarried in large numbers. Despite this, the Mbum and Dii peoples still managed to hold on to their traditional spiritual beliefs until the twentieth century. The Mbum converted to Islam, while the Dii converted to Christianity.^[5]

Varieties

Mbum is a complex dialect continuum consisting of several varieties. ALCAM (2012) considers Mbum, Larang, Pana and Gbata to be four distinct but closely related languages. Pana (also spoken in Chad), Karang, Kali-dek and Kuo are eastern varieties that may be separate languages.^[6]

To the south, Gbata is spoken in the northern part of the arrondissement of Bélabo in Lom-et-Djerem department, Eastern Region. There, it is spoken in Woutchaba and Deng-Deng, located to the west and east of the Sanaga River, respectively.^[6] Blench (2006) considers Gbete (Gbata) to be a separate language.

The LiMbum is spoken to the South West especially in the Donga Mantung and around the Nkambe and Ndu Sub Divisions.

Distribution

Mbum is spoken in:^[6]

Adamaoua Region
- Vina department (Ngaoundéré and Mbe communes)
- Djerem department (Ngaoundal and Tibati communes)
- Faro-et-Déo department (Tignère communes)
North Region
- Mayo-Rey department (Touboro commune)
- Faro department (Poli commune)
North West Region*

Limbum is spoken in the Donga Mantung Particularly in Ndu and Nkambe Subdivisions.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio- velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t		k	k͡p
	voiced	b	d		ɡ	ɡ͡b
	prenasal	ᵐb	ⁿd		ᵑɡ	ᵑᵐɡ͡b
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s				h
	voiced	v	z
	prenasal	ᶬv	ⁿz
Trill/Tap		ⱱ	r
Lateral			l
Approximant				j		w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ		u ũ
Mid	e		o
Open		a ã

^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Mbum at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ "Mbum language, pronunciation and language". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c "AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Mbum people". www.101lasttribes.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
^ "WALS Online - Language Mbum". wals.info. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
^ DeLancey, Mark Dike; Neh Mbuh, Rebecca; DeLancey, Mark W. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0810837751.
^ ^a ^b ^c Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
^ Hagège, Claude (1968). Descriptions phonologique du mbum: informations. SELAF Paris: Peeters.