Gebru Desta[note 1] also known as Kantiba Gebru and Aleqa Gebru Desta (1855 – January 1950) was an Amhara intellectual, and former mayor of Gondar and Addis Abeba. Gebru was one of the few foreign educated Ethiopians during Menelik II’s reign, and served the emperor and his successors in various positions ranging from diplomat and interpreter. He was a political prisoner during Ethiopia's occupation by Fascist Italy.[1][2][4]
Early life
editBorn to a Amhara peasant family in Alefa district of Begemder. His family later moved to Dembiya, where they lived until famine induced by conflict and drought plagued the area and brought misfortune. Gebru's father, (Ato[note 2] Desta) was unable to support his family, and entrusted his son to a relative named Webu, who was a major in Emperor Tewodros's army. Gebru described this period later in his writings as the ‘‘years of trouble.’’ He left his relative following a quarrel, and wandered away with no particular destatination in mind. On the road to Debre Tabor, he accidentally came across a group of people travelling to Emperor Tewodros II court to receive assistance in provisions.[note 3] Gebru joined the group and lined up at the court to receive his share. Ato Joseph Bell, a younger brother of Susan Bell,[note 4] was very sympathetic to the youth. Gebru was pulled from the line and introduced to Theophilus Waldmeier, a Swiss missionary employed by Emperor Tewodros II as craftsman.[note 5][1][4][5]
Education
editGebru got his first exposure to Western education in a mission school run by foreigners. Waldmeier gave Gebru shelter, and taught him how to read and write, and in turn Gebru educated other children.[note 6] He travelled with Waldmeier (and by extension with Tewodros II; the missionaries followed wherever the emperor went). Gebru accompanied Emperor Tewodros II to his final stronghold, Magdala, where the emperor committed suicide in April 1868 as troops led by the British commander General Robert Napier stormed his fortress.[note 7] In the aftermath of the British expedition, Gebru (aged 12) and the missionaries was taken out of the country by the British troops.[3][5][6]
He was subsequently patronized by Samuel Gobat; an influential missionary of the Church Mission Society (CMS). Gobat enrolled Gebru, and other Ethiopians in a mission school at Jerusalem. After a period of adaptation and overcoming his cultural bias towards handicraft, Gebru successfully adjusted to the new environment. He (among selected students) moved to St. Chrischona (another CMS outpost) near Basel, in 1872.[note 8] Gebru graduated in 1876 with a diploma in theology.[3][5]
Unable to return to Ethiopia after he finished his studies because of the Ethio-Egyptian hostilities, Gebru went to Württemberg to assist Dr. Johann Ludwig Krapf in the translation and revision of the Amharic bible. About two years later, Martin Flad[note 9] and his colleagues, suggested that Gebru could return to Ethiopia and do missionary work among the Beta Israel. During the many years he spent abroad, Gebru became a Protestant convert and learned German, French, English and Arabic languages.[5][4][2]
Career
editReturn to Ethiopia
editIn 1879 Gebru sailed to Massawa with Engeda-Esat.[note 10] They journeyed on foot from the coast to Azazo via Hamasien, Seraye and Adwa.[5]
Notes
edit- ^ In various sources spelled as Gebru Desta,[1][2][3] Gabru Dasta[4][5]
- ^ Ato is a honorific for men, its female counterpart is Woyzero
- ^ It was said that Tewodros II occasionally shared his wealth with the poor.[5]
- ^ Susan Bell was the daughter of Liqe Mekwas John Bell and Woyzero Warqnash Yelma, daughter of Dejazmach Yelma of Begemder.Susan was the wife of Theophilus Waldmeier, then a trusted advisor of Emperor Tewodros II.[5]
- ^ Theophilus Waldmeier along with other missionaries (such as Moritz Hall) worked as craftsman at a arms foundry established by Emperor Tewodros II in Gafat, a busy village northeast of Debre Tabor.[6]
- ^ J. Mayer, a German missionary, also educated Gebru.[3]
- ^ As someone who saw that visionary emperor at close range, Gebru harbored an abiding admiration for Tewodros's idealism.[3]
- ^ Gebru noted in his autobiography that he met a few Ethiopians students at the institution in St. Chrischona, but many of them died of illness.[5]
- ^ Johann Martin Flad was a German missionary who worked to convert the Beta Israel in Ethiopia. He is also author of Scriptures translated into Amharic.[7]
- ^ Engeda-Esat was his fellow countrymen and friend, they knew each other from their time at St. Chrischona. Engeda-Esat was of mixed Ethiopian and German parentage, his father was Georg Wilhelm Schimper, a botanist, who lived in Ethiopia since 1837. Engeda-Esat studied languages, medicine and engineering in Europe. He first served the Italians in Eritrea and then, after 1905, Emperor Menelik II.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b c Ahrens, Christel; Ashana, Ebise (2021). In Memory of Them: Women witnessing to Christ in Ethiopia (1870–2019). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 205. ISBN 9783643911568.
- ^ a b c Rosenfeld, Chris Prouty (1986). "The background of Taytu Betul Hayle Maryam". Empress Taytu and Menilek II Ethiopia 1883–1910. Ravens Educational & Development Services. p. 242 and 250. ISBN 9780932415103.
- ^ a b c d e Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven J., eds. (2012). Dictionary of African Biography. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–446. ISBN 9780195382075.
- ^ a b c d Ofosu-Appiah, L.H (1977). Dictionary of African biography. New York: Reference Publications. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9780917256011.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j TAFLA, BAIRU (1969). "Four Ethiopian Biographies: Däjjazmač Gärmamé, Däjjazmač Gäbrä-Egzi'abehér Moroda, Däjjazmač Balča and Käntiba Gäbru Dästa". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 7 (2). Institute of Ethiopian Studies: 22–31. JSTOR 41965786.
- ^ a b Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro, eds. (2010). Waldmeier, Theophilus (Protestant missionar in Ethiopia). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 1114. ISBN 9783447062466. OCLC 775871650.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Lockout, Hans W. (1997). "Flad, Johann Martin (A)".
Johann Martin Flad (1831-1915), a German-born missionary, spent about 60 years in Ethiopia. Among his other activities, he worked to convert the Falasha (Ethiopians of Jewish faith), and produced an Amharic translation of the Old Testament that was widely read throughout the country.