Gender democracy is a normative idea related to gender mainstreaming. Its aim is to achieve democratic conditions between men and women within society as a whole, as well as within companies, bureaucracies, and other organizations. Among other things, this is realized by means of gender trainings that raise awareness of existing inequalities and develop methods to democratize relations between genders. The term gender democracy was first coined and developed by German sociologist Halina Bedkowski.[1][2]
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History of the term
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According to Halina Bendkowski she developed the term and concept of gender democracy in the early 1990s during a "research trip to the US, which had been commissioned by Austria's Minister for Women, Johanna Dohal, with the aim of identifying innovative projects against domestic violence."[3] Subsequently, in 1993, the term appeared on the title of a publication edited by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and Women's Affairs, "Test the West: Geschlechterdemokratie und Gewalt" (Test the West: Gender Democracy and Violence).[4]
The pioneers of gender democracy refused to provide a fixed and static definition of the term. Bedkowski stated: "As soon as a term has been defined in a dictionary and recycled by other theorists, it will have lost most of its vitality. It is true, terms are alive - and this is especially true for terms that have been developed in the course of actual political conflicts."[5] Gunda Werner, who in 1999 outlined the basic tenets of gender democracy for the Heinrich Böll Foundation, explained: "Gender democracy has no ready-made theoretical or practical precepts. It is an exploratory movement in search of new outlooks and models."[6] Despite this, some of the fundamentals of gender democracy can be defined:
Goals and methods
editGender democracy aims to achieve the equal participation of women and men in politics, the corporate world, and in all parts of society by reforming and abolishing undemocratic structures and all forms of power that are based on oppression and violence. This approach is based on a broad definition of democracy - one that demands equal rights and opportunities for people in all their diversity. As there is a large number of gender identities, gender democracy rejects the male // female dichotomy, arguing instead that each human being - female, male, or otherwise - must have the right and the ability to self-determine their lifestyles, type of relationships in ways that go beyond stereotypical notions and any type of essentialism about men and women.[8]
Gender democracy investigates and questions structures and contents of democratic systems that were developed by men in order to transform them in ways that provide for gender equality. A key tool for implementing gender democracy are the so-called "gender traings" that aim to question traditional gender roles, analyze the social framework, and develop methods that provide for greater gender equality within organizations.
Gender democracy within organizations
editThe following are some examples for organizations that have made gender democracy part of their institutional structures:
Literature
editEnglish
edit- Cynthia Cockburn: Strategies for Gender Democracy. Strengthening the Representation of Trade Union Women in the European Social Dialogue, PDF, The European Journal of Women’s Studies, vol.3, 1996
- Yvonne Galligan (ed.): Deliberative Processes and Gender Democracy. Case Studies from Europe, PDF, February 2012, ARENA Report Series ISSN 1504-8152 / RECON Report Series ISSN 1504-7261
- Yvonne Galligan and Sara Clavero: Assessing Gender Democracy in the European Union. A Methodological Framework. RECON Online Working Paper 2008/16, PDF, September 2008, ISSN 1504-6907
- Utta Isop: Gender Grassroots Democracy. Five Demands for a Queer Politics, PDF
German
edit- Johanna Dohnal (ed.): Test the West: Geschlechterdemokratie und Gewalt (vol. 1 of "Gewalt gegen Frauen, Frauen gegen Gewalt"), Bundesministerin für Frauenangelegenheiten, Vienna 1993, ISBN 978-3-901-19209-8
- Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (ed.): Geschlechterdemokratie wagen!, Königstein/Taunus, 2002.
- Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung: Schriften zur Geschlechterdemokratie (14 volumes)
- Walter Hollstein: Geschlechterdemokratie. Männer und Frauen: Besser miteinander leben. Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 978-3-8100-3978-1
- Annette Jünemann: Geschlechterdemokratie für die Arabische Welt. Die EU-Förderpolitik zwischen Staatsfeminismus und Islamismus, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-658-04941-6
- Helga Lukoschat: Das Konzept der Geschlechterdemokratie und seine Umsetzung in Organisationen, in: Gleichstellungsstelle der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart (ed.): Chancen und Risiken der Verwaltungsreform für Frauen, Stuttgart 1998, p. 6–13.
- Ministerium für Arbeit, Frauen, Gesundheit und Soziales: Gender Mainstreaming in Sachsen-Anhalt, Magdeburg 2001
- Birgit Sauer: Staat, Demokratie und Geschlecht – aktuelle Debatten. PDF, gender…politik…»online«, 2003.
External links
edit- Gunda Werner Institute - Feminism and Gender Democracy Archived 2018-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- IDEA - Democracy and gender
- Making Gender Democracy a Reality: The Anne Klein Women’s Award
- Chic Dabby: From Gender Violence to Gender Democracy: What Will It Take?, opening remarks at the National Summit of the Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence, July 24, 2011
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jenseits von EMMA. Oder: Wie werden das Wissen und die Diskussionen des Feminismus Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, UTOPIE kreativ. No. 158, Dezember 2003, pp. 1144–1146.
- ^ Jeffrey J. Anderson, Eric Langenbacher, From the Bonn to the Berlin Republic ISBN 978-0-85745-221-4 - see p. 228 (footnote 23)
- ^ Jenseits von EMMA. Oder: Wie werden das Wissen und die Diskussionen des Feminismus Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, UTOPIE kreativ. No. 158, Dezember 2003, pp. 1144–1146. The original German quotation reads: "...im Auftrag der österreichischen Frauenministerin Johanna Dohnal in den USA nach innovativen Projekten gegen häusliche Gewalt recherchierte"
- ^ Test the West: Geschlechterdemokratie und Gewalt (vol. 1 of "Gewalt gegen Frauen, Frauen gegen Gewalt"), ed. by Johanna Dohnal, Bundesministerin für Frauenangelegenheiten, Wien 1993
- ^ Jenseits von EMMA. Oder: Wie werden das Wissen und die Diskussionen des Feminismus Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, UTOPIE kreativ. No. 158, Dezember 2003, pp. 1144–1146. The original German quotation reads: "Sobald Begriffe lexikalisch erfasst und theorierecycelt sind, haben sie ihr vitales Leben schon meist hinter sich. Ja, auch Begriffe leben, besonders die, die für und in politischen Realauseinandersetzungen gewonnen worden sind."
- ^ Gunda Werner: Geschlechterdemokratie 2000. Zehn Thesen zur Diskussion, PDF, October 1999The original German quotation reads: "Die Geschlechterdemokratie hat weder fertige praktische noch theoretische Konzepte. Sie ist eine Suchbewegung nach neuen Orientierungen und Modellen."
- ^ Gender democracy as a goal and an organisational principle, Gunda Werner Institute, January 2012. See the following statement: "Gender democracy must be realised on all levels of society: on a political, social and organisational level as well as on the level of everyday interactions. On a social and personal level this also means leaving behind structural patterns of hegemonic masculinity which continue to shape career paths and hierarchies in many companies and institutions."
- ^ Gender democracy as a goal and an organisational principle, Gunda Werner Institute, January 2012
- ^ Satzung der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung § 2(3) states: "Ein besonderes Anliegen ist ihr die Verwirklichung von Geschlechterdemokratie als ein von Abhängigkeit und Dominanz freies Verhältnis der Geschlechter. Diese Gemeinschaftsaufgabe ist sowohl für die interne Zusammenarbeit als auch für die öffentliche Tätigkeit aller Bereiche ein maßgebliches Leitbild." ('A prime objective is to make gender democracy a reality, that is, relations between the genders that are free of dependency and dominance. This joint task guides all aspects of our organizational development as well as our public activities.')
- ^ Satzung ver.di - Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine PDF, September 2015. § 5.3(f) states: "Zur Erreichung dieser Ziele dienen insbesondere: Verwirklichung der Geschlechterdemokratie und der gleichberechtigten Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern in Betrieb, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Politik, auch unter Anwendung des Gender Mainstreaming." ('To achieve these aims, gender democracy and the equitable participation of women and men in the workplace, the business world, society, and politics has to be put into practice, including through the use of gender mainstreaming.'
- ^ "Bundessatzung der Partei Die Linke. § 10 Geschlechterdemokratie". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-04-06.