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List of parties to the Genocide Convention

(Redirected from Genocide under municipal laws)

The list of parties to the Genocide Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime.

Participation in the Genocide Convention
  Signed and ratified
  Acceded or succeeded
  Only signed
Main article: Genocide Convention

On 11 December 1948, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was opened for signature. Ethiopia became the first state to deposit the treaty on 1 July 1949. Ethiopia was also among the very few countries that incorporated the convention in its national law immediately— as early as the 1950s.[1] The treaty came into force and closed for signature on 12 January 1951. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. The instrument of ratification, accession, or succession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations

As of June 2024, 153 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently Zambia in April 2022. One state, the Dominican Republic, has signed but not ratified the treaty.

Ratified or acceded states

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State Signed Deposited Method
  Afghanistan 22 Mar 1956 Accession
  Albania 12 May 1955 Accession
  Algeria 31 Oct 1963 Accession
  Andorra 22 Sep 2006 Accession
  Antigua and Barbuda 25 Oct 1988 Succession from   United Kingdom
  Argentina 5 Jun 1956 Accession
  Armenia 23 Jun 1993 Accession
  Australia 11 Dec 1948 8 Jul 1949 Ratification
  Austria 19 Mar 1958 Accession
  Azerbaijan 16 Aug 1996 Accession
  Bahamas 5 Aug 1975 Succession from   United Kingdom
  Bahrain 27 Mar 1990 Accession
  Bangladesh 5 Oct 1998 Accession
  Barbados 14 Jan 1980 Accession
  Belarus 16 Dec 1949 11 Aug 1954 Ratification as   Byelorussian SSR
  Belgium 12 Dec 1949 5 Sep 1951 Ratification
  Belize 10 Mar 1998 Accession
  Benin 2 Nov 2017 Accession
  Bolivia 11 Dec 1948 14 Jun 2005 Ratification
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 29 Dec 1992 Succession from   Yugoslavia
Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
  Brazil 11 Dec 1948 15 Apr 1952 Ratification
  Bulgaria 21 Jul 1950 Accession
  Burkina Faso 14 Sep 1965 Accession
  Burundi 6 Jan 1997 Accession
  Cambodia 14 Oct 1950 Accession
  Canada 28 Nov 1949 3 Sep 1952 Ratification
  Cape Verde 10 Oct 2011 Accession
  Chile 11 Dec 1948 3 Jun 1953 Ratification
  China 20 Jul 1949 18 Apr 1983 Ratification
Signed as   Republic of China
  Colombia 12 Aug 1949 27 Oct 1959 Ratification
  Comoros 27 Sep 2004 Accession
  Costa Rica 14 Oct 1950 Accession
  Ivory Coast 18 Dec 1995 Accession
  Croatia 12 Oct 1992 Succession from   Yugoslavia
Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
  Cuba 28 Dec 1949 4 Mar 1953 Ratification
  Cyprus 29 Mar 1982 Accession
  Czech Republic 22 Feb 1993 Succession from   Czechoslovakia
Signed 28 December 1949
Ratified 21 December 1950
  DR Congo 31 May 1962 Succession as   Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
from   Belgium
  Denmark 28 Sep 1949 15 Jun 1951 Ratification
  Dominica 13 May 2019 Accession
  Ecuador 11 Dec 1948 21 Dec 1949 Ratification
  Egypt 12 Dec 1948 8 Feb 1952 Ratification
  El Salvador 27 Apr 1949 28 Sep 1950 Ratification
  Estonia 21 Oct 1991 Accession
  Ethiopia 11 Dec 1948 1 Jul 1949 Ratification
  Fiji 11 Jan 1973 Succession from   United Kingdom
  Finland 18 Dec 1959 Accession
  France 11 Dec 1948 14 Oct 1950 Ratification
  Gabon 21 Jan 1983 Accession
  Gambia 29 Dec 1978 Accession
  Georgia 11 Oct 1993 Accession
  Germany 24 Nov 1954 Accession as   West Germany
Also   East Germany
Acceded 27 March 1973
  Ghana 24 Dec 1958 Accession
  Greece 29 Dec 1949 8 Dec 1954 Ratification
  Guatemala 22 Jun 1949 13 Jan 1950 Ratification
  Guinea 7 Sep 2000 Accession
  Guinea-Bissau 24 Sep 2013 Accession
  Haiti 11 Dec 1948 14 Oct 1950 Ratification
  Honduras 22 Apr 1949 5 Mar 1952 Ratification
  Hungary 7 Jan 1952 Accession
  Iceland 14 May 1949 29 Aug 1949 Ratification
  India 29 Nov 1949 27 Aug 1959 Ratification
  Iran 8 Dec 1949 14 Aug 1956 Ratification
  Iraq 20 Jan 1959 Accession
  Ireland 22 Jun 1976 Accession
  Israel 17 Aug 1949 9 Mar 1950 Ratification
  Italy 4 Jun 1952 Accession
  Jamaica 23 Sep 1968 Accession
  Jordan 3 Apr 1950 Accession
  Kazakhstan 26 Aug 1998 Accession
  Kuwait 7 Mar 1995 Accession
  Kyrgyzstan 5 Sep 1997 Accession
  Laos 8 Dec 1950 Accession
  Latvia 14 Apr 1992 Accession
  Lebanon 30 Dec 1949 17 Dec 1953 Ratification
  Lesotho 29 Nov 1974 Accession
  Liberia 11 Dec 1948 9 Jun 1950 Ratification
  Libya 16 May 1989 Accession
  Liechtenstein 24 Mar 1994 Accession
  Lithuania 1 Feb 1996 Accession
  Luxembourg 7 Oct 1981 Accession
  Malaysia 20 Dec 1994 Accession
  Maldives 24 Apr 1984 Accession
  Mali 16 Jul 1974 Accession
  Malta 6 Jun 2014 Accession
  Mauritius 8 Jul 2019 Accession
  Mexico 14 Dec 1948 22 Jul 1952 Ratification
  Moldova 26 Jan 1993 Accession
  Monaco 30 Mar 1950 Accession
  Mongolia 5 Jan 1967 Accession
  Montenegro 19 Jul 2006 23 Oct 2006 Succession from   Serbia and Montenegro
  Morocco 24 Jan 1958 Accession
  Mozambique 18 Apr 1983 Accession
  Myanmar 30 Dec 1949 14 Mar 1956 Ratification
  Namibia 28 Nov 1994 Accession
    Nepal 17 Jan 1969 Accession
  Netherlands 20 Jun 1966 Accession
  New Zealand 25 Nov 1949 28 Dec 1978 Ratification
  Nicaragua 29 Jan 1952 Accession
  Nigeria 27 Jul 2009 Accession
  North Korea 31 Jan 1989 Accession
  North Macedonia 18 Jan 1994 Succession from   Yugoslavia
Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
  Norway 11 Dec 1948 22 Jul 1949 Ratification
  Pakistan 11 Dec 1948 12 Oct 1957 Ratification
  Palestine 2 Apr 2014 Accession
  Panama 11 Dec 1948 11 Jan 1950 Ratification
  Papua New Guinea 27 Jan 1982 Accession
  Paraguay 11 Dec 1948 3 Oct 2001 Ratification
  Peru 11 Dec 1948 24 Feb 1960 Ratification
  Philippines 11 Dec 1948 7 Jul 1950 Ratification
  Poland 14 Nov 1950 Accession
  Portugal 9 Feb 1999 Accession
  Romania 2 Nov 1950 Accession
  Russia 16 Dec 1949 3 May 1954 Ratification as   Soviet Union
  Rwanda 16 Apr 1975 Accession
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9 Nov 1981 Accession
  San Marino 8 Nov 2013 Accession
  Saudi Arabia 13 Jul 1950 Accession
  Senegal 4 Aug 1983 Accession
  Serbia 12 Mar 2001 Accession as   Serbia and Montenegro
  Seychelles 5 May 1992 Accession
  Singapore 18 Aug 1995 Accession
  Slovakia 28 May 1993 Succession from   Czechoslovakia
Signed 28 December 1949
Ratified 21 December 1950
  Slovenia 6 Jul 1992 Succession from   Yugoslavia
Signed 11 December 1948
Ratified 29 August 1950
  South Africa 10 Dec 1998 Ratification
  South Korea 14 Oct 1950 Accession
  Spain 13 Sep 1968 Accession
  Sri Lanka 12 Oct 1950 Accession
  Sudan 13 Oct 2003 Accession
  Sweden 30 Dec 1949 27 May 1952 Ratification
   Switzerland 7 Sep 2000 Accession
  Syria 25 Jun 1955 Accession
  Tajikistan 3 Nov 2015 Accession
  Tanzania 5 Apr 1984 Accession
  Togo 24 May 1984 Accession
  Tonga 16 Feb 1972 Accession
  Trinidad and Tobago 13 Dec 2002 Accession
  Tunisia 29 Nov 1956 Accession
  Turkey 31 Jul 1950 Accession
  Uganda 14 Nov 1995 Accession
  Ukraine 16 Dec 1949 15 Nov 1954 Ratification as   Ukrainian SSR
  United Arab Emirates 11 Nov 2005 Accession
  United Kingdom 30 Jan 1970 Accession
  United States 11 Dec 1948 25 Nov 1988 Ratification
  Uruguay 11 Dec 1948 11 Jul 1967 Ratification
  Uzbekistan 9 Sep 1999 Accession
  Venezuela 12 Jul 1960 Accession
  Vietnam 9 Jun 1981 Accession
  Yemen 9 Feb 1987 Accession as   South Yemen
Also   North Yemen
Acceded 6 April 1989
  Zambia 20 Apr 2022 Accession
  Zimbabwe 13 May 1991 Accession

Unrecognized state, ratified treaty

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State Signed Deposited Method
  Republic of China[2] 20 Jul 1949 19 Jul 1951 Ratification

State that has signed but not ratified

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State Signed
  Dominican Republic 11 Dec 1948

Municipal laws

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The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) came into effect in January 1951. Article 5, 6 and 7 of the CPPCG cover obligations that sovereign states that are parties to the convention must undertake to enact:

Art. 5: The Contracting Parties undertake to enact, in accordance with their respective Constitutions, the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the present Convention, and, in particular, to provide effective penalties for persons guilty of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III.

Art. 6: Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction.

Art. 7 Genocide and the other acts enumerated in article III shall not be considered as political crimes for the purpose of extradition.
The Contracting Parties pledge themselves in such cases to grant extradition in accordance with their laws and treaties in force.

— CPPCG[3]

Since 1951 the following states have enacted provisions within their municipal law to prosecute or extradite perpetrators of genocide:[4]

State/Jurisdiction Provisions Notes
  Albania Chap. 1, Crimes Against Humanity, of the Criminal Code[5] See Genocide Law (Albania, 1995)
  Antigua and Barbuda Genocide Act, Laws, Vol. 4.[4]
  Argentina [4][failed verification]
  Armenia Article 393 of the Criminal code.[4]
  Australia Division 268 of the Criminal Code[6] As inserted by the International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002.[7]
  Austria Paragraph 321 of the Strafgesetzbuch 1974.[8] Austrian law classifies all acts intended to annihilate a national, ethnic or religious group partially or in its entirety, create circumstances suitable to cause such events, create sterility in the group or other measures intended to prevent wilful procreation, or forcefully abducting children of said group to integrate them into another as genocide, with a statutory sentence of life imprisonment. Conspiracy to commit such acts carries a penalty of one to ten years imprisonment.
  Azerbaijan Article 103 and 104 of the Criminal Code.[4]
  Bahrain Decree No. 4 of 1990 (on genocide).[4]
  Bangladesh International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973.[4]
  Barbados Genocide Act, chapter 133A.[4]
  Belarus Article 127 of the Criminal Code.[4]
  Belgium Law on serious violations of international humanitarian law, 10 February 1999.[9] In 1993 Belgium had adopted universal jurisdiction, allowing prosecution of genocide, committed by anybody in the world. The practice was widely applauded by many human rights groups, because it made legal action possible to perpetrators who did not have a direct link with Belgium, and whose victims were not Belgian citizens or residents. Ten years later in 2003, Belgium repealed the law on universal jurisdiction (under pressure from the United States). However, some cases which had already started continued. These included those concerning the Rwandan genocide, and complaints filed against the Chadian ex-President Hissène Habré.[10]

In a Belgium court case lodged on 18 June 2001 by 23 survivors of the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre, the prosecution alleged that Ariel Sharon, former Israeli defence minister (and Israel's Prime Minister in 2001–2006), as well as other Israelis committed a number of crimes including genocide,[11] because "all the constituent elements of the crime of genocide, as defined in the 1948 Convention and as reproduced in article 6 of the ICC Statute and in article 1§1 of the law of 16 June 1993, are present".[12] This allegation was not tested in Belgium court because on 12 February 2003 the Court of Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) ruled that under international customary law, acting heads of state and government can not become the object of proceedings before criminal tribunals in foreign state (although for the crime of genocide they could be the subject of proceedings of an international tribunal).[13][14] This ruling was a reiteration of a decision made a year earlier by the International Court of Justice on 14 February 2002.[15] Following these ruling in June 2003 the Belgian Justice Ministry decided to start a procedure to transfer the case to Israel.[16]

  Bolivia Article 138 of the Código Penal.[17]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Article 141 of the Penal Code.[4] List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions#The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  Brazil Law No. 2.889 of 1 October 1956.[18] The Helmet Massacre of the Tikuna people took place in 1988, and was initially treated as homicide. Since 1994 it has been treated by the Brazilian courts as a genocide. Thirteen men were convicted of genocide in 2001. In November 2004 at the appeal before Brazil's federal court, the man initially found guilty of hiring men to carry out the genocide was acquitted, and the other men had their initial sentences of 15–25 years reduced to 12 years.[19]

In a news letter published on 7 August 2006 the Indianist Missionary Council reported that: "In a plenary session, the [Brazilian] Supreme Federal Court (STF) reaffirmed that the crime known as the Haximu Massacre [perpetrated on the Yanomami Indians in 1993][20] was a genocide and that the decision of a federal court to sentence miners to 19 years in prison for genocide in connection with other offenses, such as smuggling and illegal mining, is valid. It was a unanimous decision made during the judgement of Extraordinary Appeal (RE) 351487 today, the 3rd, in the morning by justices of the Supreme Court".[21] Commenting on the case the NGO Survival International said "The UN convention on genocide, ratified by Brazil, states that the killing 'with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group' is genocide. The Supreme Court's ruling is highly significant and sends an important warning to those who continue to commit crimes against indigenous peoples in Brazil."[20]

  Bulgaria Article 416 on Genocide, of the Criminal Code.[22]
  Burkina Faso Article 313 of the Code Pénal.[23]
  Burundi In 2003 the transitional parliament in Burundi passed a law, introduced to parliament by the Burundian Foreign Minister Therence Sinunguruzaa, chiefly aimed at preventing genocide.[24]
  Cambodia Law for prosecuting crimes committed from 1975 to 1979.[4][25]
  Canada Act on genocide and war crimes, Article 318 on Advocating Genocide.[4] In Canada the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act makes it an offence under Canadian law to commit genocide, whether inside or outside Canada. A person may be charged under this law if, at the time of the crime, the perpetrator was a Canadian citizen or was employed by Canada, if the victim was a Canadian citizen or a citizen of a country allied to Canada, if the perpetrator was a citizen of, or employed by, a country that Canada was engaged in armed conflict with or if, at any time after committing the crime, the perpetrator enters Canadian territory.
  Colombia Articles 101 & 102 of the Código Penal.[26]
  Costa Rica Article 127 of the Código Penal (14 April 1998).[27] The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.[28]
  Côte d'Ivoire Article 137 of the Code Pénal.[29]
  Croatia Article 156 of the Penal Code.[4]
  Cuba Article 361 of the Código Penal.[30]
  Cyprus Uw 59/ 1980.[4]
  Czech Republic Article 400 of the Penal Code.[31]
  Denmark Law Nr. 132 of 29 April 1955.[32]
  El Salvador Article 361 of the Código Penal.[33]
  Estonia Article 91 of the Karistusseadustik eriosa.[34]
  Ethiopia Article 281 of the Penal Code of 1957.[35]
  Fiji Chapter 34 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.[36]
  Finland Criminal Code[37] Genocide has been criminalized as a separate crime in Finland since 1995 and carries a penalty from 4 years to life sentence. In addition to actual killing, the description of the crime (joukkotuhonta) covers also cultural assimilation by means of separating children from their original national, ethnic, racial or religious group.[37] Attempted genocide or planning it are punishable. Genocide, as a number of other crimes of international nature is inside Finnish universal jurisdiction, but under Chapter 1, Section 12 of the Criminal Code, incidents of it abroad may not be investigated unless the Prosecutor General gives an order to do this.[38]

In 2010 a Rwandan refugee, François Bazaramba was convicted to life in prison for participation in the Rwandan genocide.[39]

  France Article 211-1 of the Code Pénal.[40] The French law defines "a group determined by any arbitrary criteria" which is far broader than that found in the CPPCG.[28]
  Georgia Article 651 (genocide) of the penal code[4]
  Germany Article 220a of the Strafgesetzbuch (1954),[41] superseded by article 6 of the Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (2002). Prior to the 2007 ICJ ruling on the Bosnian Genocide Case German courts handed down several convictions for genocide during the Bosnian War.

Novislav Djajić was indicted for participation in genocide, but the Bavarian Higher Regional Court failed to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he had intended to commit genocide. He was found guilty of 14 cases of murder and one case of attempted murder, receiving a sentence of 5 years imprisonment.[42] At Djajic's appeal on 23 May 1997, the Bavarian Appeals Court found that acts of genocide were committed in June 1992, though confined within the administrative district of Foča.[43]

The Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against Nikola Jorgić, a Bosnian Serb from the Doboj region who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. He was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment for his involvement in genocidal actions that took place in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, other than Srebrenica.[44]

"On 29 November 1999, the Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf condemned Maksim Sokolović to 9 years in prison for aiding and abetting the crime of genocide and for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions".[45]

  Ghana Criminal Code (Amendment) Act, 1993 Section 1: Genocide[4]
  Guatemala Article 376 of the Código Penal[4]
  Hong Kong Hong Kong, Section 9A, Offences Against Person Ordinance (Cap. 212)[46]
  Hungary Article 155 of the Penal Code[4]
  Indonesia Article 8 - Number 26, 2000 – Genocide[4]
  Iraq statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal, issued 10 December 2003[4]
  Ireland Genocide Act, 1973[4]
  Israel Israeli Law on the Crime of Genocide, 5710 -1950[4]
  Italy law on Genocide of 9 October 1967, n. 962[4]
  Jamaica Offenses against the person (amendment) 1968, s. 33[4]
  Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) Penal Code Article 52 (Genocide)[4]
  Kyrgyzstan Article 373 of the Criminal Code[4]
  Latvia Article 71 of the Penal Code[4]
  Liechtenstein Article 321 of the Penal Code[4]
  Lithuania Article 99 of the Criminal Code[4]
  Luxembourg Genocide law, 8 August 1985[4]
  Macau Article 230 of the Penal Code of Macau.[4]
  Mali Article 30 of the Code Pénal[4]
  Mexico Article 149 of the Código Penal[4]
  New Zealand International Crimes and International Criminal Court Act 2000.[4]
  Netherlands Act Implementing the Conv. on Genocide, 2 July 1964.[4] Dutch law restricts prosecutions for genocide to its nationals. On December 23, 2005, a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against Frans van Anraat for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that "[it] thinks and considers legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide conventions as an ethnic group. The court has no other conclusion: that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq" and because he supplied the chemicals before 16 March 1988, the date of the Halabja poison gas attack, he is guilty of a war crime but not guilty of complicity in genocide.[47][48]
  Nicaragua Article 549 & 550 of the Código Penal.[4]
  Panama Article 311 of the Código Penal.[4]
  Paraguay Articulo 319 9 of the Código Penal.[4]
  Peru Title XIV (Law # 26926 (Article 129 of the Código Penal)).[4] The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.[28]
  Philippines Section 5 of the Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law (Republic Act No. 9851)
  Poland Article 118 of the Kodeks Karny (penal code).[4]
  Portugal Article 239 of the Codigo Penal.[4] The law includes political groups or social groups as a protected group.[28]
  Republic of the Congo Law No. 8 - 98 of 31 October 1998 on genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.[4]
  Romania Article 356 of the Penal Code.[4]
  Russia Article 357 of the Federal Criminal Code.[4]
  Rwanda Organic Law No. 08/96 on Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity.[4]
  Serbia Article 370 of the Penal Code 2005.[49]
  Seychelles Genocide Act of 1969.[4]
  Singapore Section 130D and 130E of the Penal Code[50] As inserted by section 28 of the Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2007[51]
  Solomon Islands Article 52 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.[4]
  Slovakia Articles 259-265 of the Criminal Code.[4]
  Slovenia Chapter 35, art. 373 and 378 of the Penal Code, 1994.[4]
  South Africa Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 2002 (Act 27 of 2002).[4]
  Spain Article 607 of the Código Penal, Ley Orgánica 10/1995, 23 November.[52][53] In June 2003 Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón jailed Ricardo Miguel Cavallo, (also known as Miguel Angel Cavallo), a former Argentine naval officer, extradited from Mexico to Spain pending his trial on charges of genocide and terrorism relating to the years of Argentina's military dictatorship, under a special case of universal jurisdiction.[54][55] On 29 February 2008, the Spanish agreed to extradite Cavallo to Argentina where he is charged with crimes against humanity. He still faces a trial in Spain on genocide charges at some later date.[56][57]

After a 2005 court ruling, Spanish judges' right to use universal jurisdiction to investigate and try foreigners suspected of genocidal acts committed outside Spain was – temporarily – strengthened.[58] Accordingly, on 7 July 2006, six Gutamelan military officials, among them Efraín Ríos Montt and Oscar Humberto Mejia, were formally charged as part of a case began in 1999 by Nobel peace prize winner Rigoberta Menchú over war crimes they committed during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)[59]

On 11 January 2006 it was also reported that the Spanish High Court would investigate whether seven former Chinese officials, including the former President of China Jiang Zemin and former Prime Minister Li Peng participated in a genocide in Tibet.[60] The court proceedings in the case brought by the Madrid-based Committee to Support Tibet against several former Chinese officials was opened by the Judge on 6 June 2006, and on the same day China denounced the Spanish court's investigation into claims of genocide in Tibet as an interference in its internal affairs and dismissed the allegations as "sheer fabrication".[61][62] The case was shelved in 2010, following another law passed in 2009 that restricted High Court investigations to those "involving Spanish victims, suspects who are in Spain, or some other obvious link with Spain". The judicial rules in place in Spain before passed this law had irritated many other countries such as Israel, whose officials had faced possible prosecution.[63]

  Suriname Constitution of Suriname of 1987: Chapter IV: International principles:Article 7.4.[4]
  Sweden Article 169 of the Lagboken (Act of 20 March 1963).[4] In Sweden genocide was criminalized in 1964. According to the Swedish law any act intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such, and which is punished according to the criminal act is punished as genocide and carries a penalty from 4 years to life sentence. The Swedish legislation simply noticed that any severe common crime which is committed in order to destroy an ethnic group can be considered genocide, no matter what specific crime it is. Also intent, preparation or conspiring to genocide, and also failure to reveal such a crime is punishable as specified in penal code chapter 23, which is applicable to all crimes.[64]
   Switzerland Article 264 of the Penal Code.[4]
  Tajikistan Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind.[4]
  Tonga Genocide Act, 1969.[4]
  Trinidad and Tobago Genocide Act, 1977.[4]
  Tuvalu Article 52 (Genocide) of the Penal Code.[4]
  Ukraine Article 442 on Genocide, of Criminal Code.[4]
  United Kingdom The Genocide Act 1969,[65] superseded by the International Criminal Court Act 2001.[4] The United Kingdom has incorporated the International Criminal Court Act into domestic law. It was not retroactive so it applies only to events after May 2001 and genocide charges can be filed only against British nationals and residents. According to Peter Carter QC, chairman of the Bar's human rights committee[66] "It means that British mercenaries who support regimes that commit war crimes can expect prosecution".[47] The Coroners and Justice Act 2009, altered the ICC ACT so that prosecutions could be taken against anyone in the UK from January 1991 — The date from which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had jurisdiction to try offences under the Tribunal's Statute adopted by the United Nations Security Council.[67]
  United States 18 U.S.C. §§ 1091–1093 United States federal law recognizes the crime of genocide where it was committed within the U.S. or by a national of the U.S.[68] A person found guilty of genocide can face the death penalty or life imprisonment. Persons found guilty of genocide may be denied entry or deported from the U.S.[69]
  Vietnam Article 422 of the Criminal Code.[70]

See also

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Main article: Outline of genocide studies

References

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  • "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". United Nations Treaty Series. Archived from the original on 2024-01-11. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  1. ^ "Article 281 of the Ethiopian Penal Code". Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  2. ^ On the date that the Chinese Republic ratified the treaty (July 20, 1949), it was recognized by the United States and other nations as the sole legitimate government of China, and it was a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, holding a veto power
  3. ^ "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: Approved and proposed for signature and ratification or accession by General Assembly resolution 260 A (III) of 9 December 1948: entry into force 12 January 1951, in accordance with article XIII". United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1997. Archived from the original on 8 April 2000.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg "The Crime of Genocide in Domestic Laws and Penal Codes: Organized by Global Region". Prevent Genocide International. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  5. ^ "Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, Special Part, Chap. 1, Crimes Against Humanity". Prevent Genocide International. 1 June 1995. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  6. ^ Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth.)
  7. ^ International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002 (Cth.) C2004A00993/s3.html s 3
  8. ^ "Österreichiches Recht: Völkermord § 321" [Austrian Law: Genocide Article 321] (in German). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  9. ^ "Loi relative à la répression des violations graves du droit international humanitaire" [Law on the punishment of serious violations of international humanitarian law] (in French). Prevent Genocide International. 10 February 1999. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  10. ^ Belgium: Universal Jurisdiction Law Repealed web page on Human Rights Watch 1 August 2003
  11. ^ "The Case Against The Accused". indictsharon.net, the website of the International Campaign for Justice for the Victims of Sabra & Shatila. 2001. Archived from the original on 2 February 2002. ...Ariel Sharon, former Israeli defense minister and Israel's current prime minister, as well as other Israelis and Lebanese with war crimes...
  12. ^ "The complaint against Ariel Sharon Lodged in Belgium on 18 June 2001" (PDF). indictsharon.net. June 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2003.
  13. ^ "Belgian Court of Cassation (English translation of Belgian Supreme Court Decision- unauthorised)" (PDF). indictsharon.net. 12 February 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2004.
  14. ^ Chibli Mallat, Michael Verhaeghe, Luc Walleyn and Laurie King-Irani The February 2003 Decision of the Belgian Supreme Court Explained on the website of [indictsharon.net], 19 February 2003
  15. ^ Osbor, Andrew (14 February 2002). "Sharon cannot be tried in Belgium, says court". The Guardian. Brussels. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  16. ^ Luc Walleyn, Michael Verhaeghe, Chibli Mallat. Statement of the Lawyers for the Survivors of Sabra and Shatila in reaction to the Belgian Justice Ministry's decision to start the procedure of transferring the case to Israel 15 June 2003.
  17. ^ "Artículo §138 del Codigo Penal de Bolivia" [Article §138 of the Criminal Code of Bolivia] (in Spanish). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  18. ^ "Law N°2.889, of 1 October of 1956". Prevent Genocide International. 1 October 1956. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  19. ^ "Brazilian Justice Acquits Man Sentenced for 1988 Massacre of Indians". Brazzil Magazine. Cimi – Indianist Missionary Council. 12 November 2004. Archived from the original on 9 February 2005.
  20. ^ a b "Supreme Court upholds genocide ruling". Survival International. 4 August 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  21. ^ "Federal Court is competent to judge the Haximu genocide". Indianist Missionary Council, Newsletter. 7 August 2006. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007.
  22. ^ "Criminal Code of Bulgaria, Article 416: Genocide". Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  23. ^ "Law N° 043/96/ADP of November 13, 1996 bearing Penal code". Prevent Genocide International. 13 November 1996. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  24. ^ "Burundi approves genocide law". BBC. 16 April 2003. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  25. ^ "NS/RKM/0801/12: Law on the Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea" (PDF). cambodia.gov.kh. 10 August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2003.
  26. ^ "Genocidio - Artículo 101 y 102 del Codigo Penal de Colombia" [Genocide - Articles 101 and 102 of the Colombian Criminal Code] (in Spanish). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Genocidio - Artículo 127 del Codigo Penal de Costa Rica" [Genocide - Article 127 of the Criminal Code of Costa Rica] (in Spanish). Prevent Genocide International. 14 April 1998. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  28. ^ a b c d Naomi Klein. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Macmillan, 2007 ISBN 0-8050-7983-1, ISBN 978-0-8050-7983-8. p. 101, see footnote
  29. ^ "Code Pénal ( Côte d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast ); Article 137-- génocide" [Penal Code (Côte d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast); Article 137 - genocide] (in French). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  30. ^ "Genocidio - Artículo 116 del Codigo Penal de Cuba" [Genocide - Article 116 of the Criminal Code of Cuba] (in Spanish). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  31. ^ "Criminal Code of the Czech Republic" (PDF). Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  32. ^ "Danmark - Lov nr. 132 af 29.04.1955 om straf for folkedrab" [Denmark - Law no. 132 of 29.04.1955 on punishment for genocide] (in Danish). Prevent Genocide International. 29 April 1955. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  33. ^ "GENOCIDIO Art. 361. del Código Penal de La Republica de El Salvador (Decreto Nº 1030)" [GENOCIDE Art. 361. of the Penal Code of the Republic of El Salvador (Decree No. 1030)] (in Spanish). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  34. ^ "Estonian Criminal Code - Article § 611" (in Estonian). Prevent Genocide International. 9 November 1994. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  35. ^ "Article 281 of the Ethiopian Penal Code". Prevent Genocide International. 1957. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  36. ^ "Chapter VIII of the Fiji Islands Penal Code". Prevent Genocide International. 1969. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  37. ^ a b "Criminal Code" (PDF) (in Finnish). Ministry of Justice of Finland. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  38. ^ Kimpimäki, Minna (1 September 2001). "Universal jurisdiction in the European Union: Finland" (PDF). redress.org. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  39. ^ "Ruandalaispastorille elinkautinen joukkotuhonnasta" [Rwandan pastor gets life sentence for genocide]. Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012.
  40. ^ "Code Pénal (France); Article 211-1 -- génocide" [Penal Code (France); Article 211-1 - genocide] (in French). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  41. ^ "Deutsche Strafgesetze, §220a Völkermord" [German Penal Code, §220a Genocide] (in German). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  42. ^ "Trial Watch: Novislav Djajic". TRIAL (track impunity always). Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
  43. ^ "Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)], The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paragraph 589. citing Bavarian Appeals Court, Novislav Djajic case, 23 May 1997, 3 St 20/96, section VI, p. 24 of the English translation".
  44. ^ "Trial Watch: Nikola Jorgic". TRIAL (track impunity always). Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.
  45. ^ "Trial Watch: Maksim Sokolovic". TRIAL (track impunity always). Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.
  46. ^ Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap. 212) § 9A
  47. ^ a b Penketh, Anne; Robert Verkaik (24 December 2005). "Dutch court says gassing of Iraqi Kurds was 'genocide'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 December 2005.
  48. ^ "Dutch man sentenced for role in gassing death of Kurds". CBC. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  49. ^ "Penal Code od Serbia, Article 370: Genocide". Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  50. ^ Penal Code (Cap. Penal Code (Singapore), 2008 Rev. Ed.)
  51. ^ Penal Code (Amendment) Act 2007 2007 (No. 51 of 2007)
  52. ^ "Artículo §607 del Codigo Penal" [Article §607 of the Penal Code] (in Spanish). Prevent Genocide International. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  53. ^ Wilson, Richard (1996). "Spanish Criminal Prosecutions Use International Human Rights Law to Battle Impunity in Chile and Argentina". Ko'aga Roñe'eta. III. derechos.org. Footnote 14. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  54. ^ Daly, Emma (30 June 2003). "Spanish Judge Sends Argentine to Prison on Genocide Charge". New York Times. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  55. ^ "Profile: Judge Baltasar Garzon". BBC. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  56. ^ Jason Webb, [1]Archived 2012-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 29 February 2008
  57. ^ Spain authorizes Cavallo's extradition to Argentina, People's Daily, 1 March 2008 cites Xinhua
  58. ^ "Spain may judge Guatemala abuses". BBC News. 2005-10-05. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  59. ^ Yoch, Jr., James M. (8 July 2006). "Spain judge charges ex-generals in Guatemala genocide case". JURIST. University of Pittsburgh School of Law. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010.
  60. ^ Spanish courts to investigate if a genocide took place in Tibet.
  61. ^ "World in Brief: Lawyers take China to court". The Times. 7 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
  62. ^ Alexa Olesen China rejects Spain's 'genocide' claims in The Independent 7 June 2006
  63. ^ "Spanish court shelves Tibet human rights case against China". Madrid: phayul.com. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 26 February 2010. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  64. ^ "Sverige Lagboken (Sweden) § 169 folkmord" [Statute Book (Sweden) § 169 genocide] (in Swedish). Prevent Genocide International. 1964. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  65. ^ Frank Chalk: The United Kingdom Genocide Act of 1969: Origins and Significance
  66. ^ Bar Human Rights Committee "is the international human rights arm of the Bar of England and Wales. It is an independent body primarily concerned with the protection of the rights of advocates and judges around the world."
  67. ^ UK: As originally enacted, the ICC Act 2001 presented two loopholes. First, those involved in the genocide in Rwanda and atrocities in the Former Yugoslavia could not be prosecuted, as the crimes happened before 2001. Second, the law applied only to people who were legally defined as resident in the UK, i.e.it did not apply to anyone on student, business, tourist, academic or skilled / domestic worker visas, or anyone who has been refused asylum under Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention but who cannot be returned home for fear of persecution. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s.70 amends the ICC Act 2001, and it closes these two loopholes (by adding s.65A and s.67A to the ICC Act). It gives jurisdiction from 1 January 1991, which is the date from which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had jurisdiction to try offences under the Tribunal's Statute adopted by the United Nations Security Council. The law has also been extended to cover the categories of persons not legally resident set out above (https://web.archive.org/web/20090730070348/http://www.aegistrust.org/Parliamentary-work/no-safe-haven-gaps-in-uk-law-on-international-crimes.html No safe haven: gaps in UK law on international crimes], Aegis Trust, Accessed 18 March 2010).
  68. ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1091.
  69. ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1101, § 1182, § 1227
  70. ^ "Criminal Code of 2015" (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 22 January 2021.

Further reading

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