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St. Augustine's University (North Carolina)

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For other uses, see St. Augustine University.

Saint Augustine's University is a private historically black Christian college in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was founded by Episcopal clergy in 1867 for the education of freed slaves.[2]

Saint Augustine's University
Former names
Saint Augustine's Normal School (1867–1893)
Saint Augustine's School (1893–1921)
Saint Augustine's Junior College (1921–1928)
Saint Augustine's College (1928–2012)
MottoVeritas vos liberabit
Motto in English
The truth will set you free
TypePrivate historically black college
Established1867
FounderJacob Brinton Smith
AccreditationSACSCOC
Religious affiliation
Episcopal Church
PresidentMarcus H. Burgess (interim)
ProvostJosiah J. Sampson
Students200 (2024–2025)[1]
Location
Raleigh
,
North Carolina
,
United States

35°47′10″N 78°37′13″W / 35.7861°N 78.6204°W / 35.7861; -78.6204
CampusUrban, 105 acres (0.42 km2)
ColorsBlue and White
   
NicknameFalcons
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division II — CIAA
Websitewww.st-aug.edu

Following years of financial and leadership instability, the institution's accreditor, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, voted in December 2023 to remove St Augustine's from its membership and revoke its accreditation.[3] Although an initial appeal by the institution was denied,[4] SACSCOC reversed its decision following the July 2024 verdict of an arbitration panel, restoring the university to its former status as an accredited institution on probation.[5] In December 2024, the university will reach the maximum possible period with its accreditor as an institution on probation for good cause, and will either have its probationary status removed or be finally stripped of SACSCOC membership.[5]

History

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Early years

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Incorporated as St. Augustine's Normal School and Collegiate Institute on July 19, 1867, St. Augustine's opened on January 13, 1868, with Jacob Brinton Smith as its first principal.[6] The first classes were held at the state fairgrounds in a former army barrack donated by Major General Oliver Otis Howard, the head of the Freedmen's Bureau.[6] On January 16, 1869, the school moved to its present site, and its first building was dedicated. Brinton Smith died suddenly in October 1872, and was succeeded by John Eston Cooke Smedes. All of the classroom buildings, which were wooden, were destroyed in an 1883 fire, due to the refusal of White fire companies to fight the blaze, which had to be fought by an underequipped Black fire company.[6] With leadership from Smedes, however, instruction resumed within a week in a converted women's dormitory. In the 1883–84 academic year, collegiate instruction, roughly equivalent to the first year of university, was introduced. Under Robert Bean Sutton, who succeeded Smedes in 1884, the first diplomas were granted in 1885, and the Lyman Building, the school's first brick-built main building, was completed the same year.[6]

Aaron Burtis Hunter, who became the school's fourth principal in 1891, introduced industrial training, which was provided to all students until 1933.[6] The institution became Saint Augustine's School in 1893, and the school chapel and a new library were built in 1896.[6] On October 18, 1896, the St. Agnes' Hospital and Training School for Nurses opened, becoming one of the primary Black healthcare facilities between Richmond and Atlanta. The following year, the school acquired 64 acres of land and expanded its campus to 110 acres. Electric lighting began to be installed from December 1906.[6]

From school to university

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In 1917, Edgar Hunt Goold became the institution's fifth principal, and introduced the first courses for college credit that year.[6] The number of junior college-level courses increased over the next two years, and the school officially became Saint Augustine's Junior College in 1921, with Goold as its first president.[6][7] The first junior college class graduated in 1925, and the institution officially became the four-year Saint Augustine's College in 1928, with the first baccalaureate degrees awarded in 1931 and accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) following in 1933.[6] In 1947, Harold Leonard Trigg became the first Black president of St. Augustine's and oversaw an expansion of the curriculum and the college facilities, including the completion of Pennick Science Hall in 1952.[6] In 1949, the college joined the United Negro College Fund. Trigg was succeeded in 1954 by James Alexander Boyer, the first alumnus to head the institution. Under Boyer, St. Augustine's enrollment doubled, several new buildings, including the Emery Health Center, were built, and the curriculum further shifted from that of a normal college to a predominantly liberal arts focus.[6]

In 1967, Boyer relinquished the presidency and returned to teaching. He was succeeded by Prezell Russell Robinson as the eighth leader of the school and the second alumnus to head it.[6] During Robinson's administration, enrollment reached 1,800 students, an ROTC program was instituted, and a new library, student union, and fine arts center were built.[6] In 1982, St. Augustine's created a Department of Communications and began operating a radio station, WAUG 750-AM, from 1983, followed by a television station, TV-68 (later WAUG-LD) from 1988. Robinson retired in March 1995, and was praised by the college's board of trustees for his leadership, which had earned St. Augustine's "an international reputation for quality education and public service of an unprecedented order."[6] He was succeeded by Bernard Wayne Franklin, who served as president until 1999, when Dianne Boardley Suber became the 10th and the first female leader of the college.[8] In August 2012, the college officially became St. Augustine's University.[9]

Challenges and controversies

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Since the 2010s, St. Augustine's has been severely challenged by financial and leadership instability,[10][11] along with other controversies. In 2011, the institution barred a student from participation in commencement exercises because of a negative comment he had made on the college's Facebook page.[12] Shortly thereafter, the student initiated a lawsuit against the college in North Carolina State Court[13][14] which was later settled out of court.[15] In the summer of 2013, local news affiliates reported that two convicted murderers had been hired by the college to work for a children's summer camp.[16] Although the college defended the employees as "exemplary employees and productive members of the community",[17] the college reassigned them.[18]

In 2014, amidst what The Chronicle of Higher Education characterized as "significant turmoil" and Diverse: Issues in Higher Education described as "financial problems...stemming from a loss in enrollment and revenue", the institution's board of trustees fired president Dianne Suber one month prior to her planned retirement, after nearly 15 years of leading the university. At the same time, the board reinstated two senior employees recently fired by Suber.[19][20] After serving as interim president, Everett Ward was appointed president in 2015.[21] In December 2016, St. Augustine's accreditor placed the university on probation, citing financial and institutional effectiveness issues. After reforms, including implementing a computer-based accounting system, the probationary status was lifted in December 2018.[10]

In March 2019, St. Augustine's board of trustees dismissed Ward four months prior to his intended retirement.[22] Gaddis Faulcon, the university's former vice president of enrollment management, was appointed to replace Ward as interim president.[22] In March 2020, Faulcon was himself dismissed by the board.[23] Together with the former athletics director, acclaimed track and field coach George Williams, the university's former general counsel Kyle Brazile, and the former facilities and construction manager Clarence King, all of whom had been fired around the same time, Faulcon filed a wrongful termination lawsuit against St. Augustine's in July. In the suit, which cited interim president Maria Lumpkin and the chair of the board of trustees James E. C. Perry, the plaintiffs alleged the institution's leadership, including those cited, had engaged in age discrimination, retaliation, and other unlawful conduct, such as the potential misappropriation of government funding.[23] Williams subsequently settled his suit, but did not receive any apologies from the university or its leaders.[24]

In October 2020, the new president of St. Augustine's, Irving Pressly McPhail, died from COVID-19 after three months in office.[25] He was succeeded by his widow Christine Johnson McPhail in 2021. In December 2022, the university was again placed on probation "on good cause" by its accreditor, with a review of its status scheduled for December 2023.[26] In October 2023, the university fired its head football coach, Howard Feggins, for allegedly fielding ineligible players, according to the university. Feggins subsequently filed a wrongful termination lawsuit against St. Augustine's, alleging retaliation, intimidation, and the institution's deliberate neglect of its student athletes, including refusing to provide adequate healthcare, meals, and insurance coverage for its football players.[27] In November, president Christine McPhail was fired by St. Augustine's board of trustees, which she alleged was in retaliation for filing race and gender-based discrimination charges against the university with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC); the board of trustees rejected "the unfounded allegations."[26] The board subsequently voted to name Marcus Burgess, vice president of institutional advancement at Claflin University, interim president.[28]

Financial difficulties and accreditation challenges

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On December 3, 2023, St. Augustine's troubles reached crisis point when its accreditor, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACSCOC), voted to rescind the institution's accreditation for continued governance and financial management issues.[3][29] University leadership stated they would appeal the decision, thereby maintaining the institution's accreditation on probation until a final ruling.[28] In January 2024, just five days before the spring semester began, college administrators informed students that all on-campus classes would begin online, due to boiler problems in multiple instructional buildings and a women's dormitory, resulting in student complaints about the short notice.[30][31] The following month, local media reported that the college was failing to pay all of its employees with some faculty members unilaterally cancelling their classes until they received their paychecks.[32]

Into 2024, multiple organizations accused the university of having failed to pay bills, including a $7.9 million lien filed by the Internal Revenue Service for unpaid taxes dating back to 2020, a $598,000 lien by a company who installed a turf field for the university, an insurance company who claimed that the university owed over $400,000 for unpaid student health insurance plan deductibles, and a claim by the state of North Carolina that the university had nearly $27,000 of unpaid unemployment taxes.[33] An audit revealed that existing policies regulating wire transfers were often disregarded.[34] According to interim president Burgess, the university was able to account for $10 million previously reported as unsupported by contacting vendors and creditors.[35]

On February 27, 2024, SACSCOC denied St. Augustine's appeal of its decision to revoke the university's accreditation.[4] On March 1, university officials said they would submit the matter to arbitration, followed by further litigation if necessary; until the conclusion of legal proceedings, St. Augustine's would remain accredited on probation.[36] Interim president Burgess subsequently stated the institution was also pursuing accreditation through the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS).[35] He also stated 10 positions from various roles would be eliminated,[35] and said St Augustine's was looking into sharing essential services, including security, maintenance, and dining, with Shaw University; in an interview, he expressed confidence the university would open for the new academic year that fall.[37] He said, however, that St. Augustine's was $20 million in debt.[38]

On March 8, the university reported it had been unable to meet its latest payroll.[39] On March 20, Burgess confirmed reports that the university would transition to online learning in April. The same week, Wake County Schools announced they would discontinue leadership academy classes at St. Augustine's after 2024,[40] eventually announcing their students would instead attend Shaw University, another local HBCU. On April 3, Burgess said the institution required "$27 to 28 million, and $30 million for good judgement," to pay its creditors.[41] He said that as of April 5, the university would have gone three consecutive pay periods without having met payroll obligations, that all but approximately 120 students with senior status had left campus, and that the university would suspend football for the 2024 season.[41] According to Burgess, however, he and other employees remained committed to Saint Augustine's full recovery, with the support of alumni and other organizations.[41] The college rejected rumors that it would merge with nearby Shaw University.[42]

In July, an arbitration panel unanimously reversed the SACSCOC decision to remove St. Augustine's from the accrediting agency's membership. This restored the university to its former SACSCOC status as an accredited institution on probation for good cause, until December 2024.[5] At that time, the university will reach the maximum possible period with its accreditor as an institution on probation, and will either end its probation or be finally stripped of SACSCOC membership.[5] On August 16, St. Augustine's secured an initial $7 million line of credit with Gothic Ventures, a Durham-based venture capital firm, against a lien on all of the university's property.[43] The funds would allow the institution to cover essential operating expenses, including paying employees their back wages, issuing student refunds, and covering the costs of financial audits.[43] After a delayed opening on September 3, due to the need to conduct maintenance to campus buildings, St. Augustine's began the 2024–2025 academic year with a diminished enrollment of 200 students.[1]

Leaders

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Before 1925, the leader of the institution held the title of "Principal". Since then, the leader has been a "President".

(* indicates alumnus)
Name Tenure
Jacob Brinton Smith July 1867–October 1872
John Esten Cooke Smedes October 1872–1884
Robert Bean Sutton 1884–1891
Aaron Burtis Hunter 1891–June 1916
Edgar Hunt Goold June 1916–September 1947
Harold Leonard Trigg September 18, 1947–January 6,1955
James Alexander Boyer* January 6, 1955–March 1, 1967
Prezell Russell Robinson* March 1, 1967–March 31, 1995[6]
Bernard Wayne Franklin March 31, 1995–June 30, 1999[6]
Dianne Boardley Suber December 1, 1999–April 5, 2014 (acting until March 31, 2001)[8][44]
Everett Ward* April 23, 2014–March 14, 2019 (interim until April 10, 2015)[45][46]
Gaddis Faulcon* (interim) March 2019–March 2020[46][23]
Maria A. Lumpkin (interim) March–July 2020[23]
Irving P. McPhail July 15–October 15, 2020[47]
Maria A. Lumpkin (interim) October 15, 2020–February 23, 2021[47]
Christine Johnson McPhail February 24, 2021–November 4, 2023[48]
Leslie Rodriguez-McClellon (acting) November 5–December 13, 2023
Marcus H. Burgess (interim) December 13, 2023–present

Campus

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St. Augustine's College Campus
 
 
 
 
LocationOakwood Ave., Raleigh, North Carolina
Area20 acres (8.1 ha)
Architectural styleLate Gothic Revival, Romanesque
NRHP reference No.80002903[49]
Added to NRHPMarch 28, 1980

The college's sits on 105 acres (0.42 km2) of historic land in an urban setting and large city (250,000 – 499,999). The main area of the campus is approximately 60 acres (240,000 m2) of land housing the following facilities:

  • St. Agnes Hospital - Rev. and Mrs. A.B. Hunter founded St. Agnes Hospital in 1895. I.L. Collins gave $600 of the $1,100 raised to start the hospital, which was named for Collins' late wife Agnes. The hospital opened in the residence of Robert B. Sutton, the school's third principal. By 1904, despite improvements, St. Agnes needed to expand, and Mrs. Hunter raised half the $15,000 needed.[50] Under the direction of Bishop Henry Beard Delany it became a 75-bed center "built of stone quarried on the St. Augustine's campus" that opened in 1909. For many years St. Agnes was "the only well-equipped hospital ... with one exception" for blacks between New Orleans and Washington D.C., and served 75,000 black people in the three states.[50] The building was severely damaged by fire in December 1926. One of its most famous patients was boxer Jack Johnson, who was taken there following a fatal 1946 auto accident near Franklinton, NC. Part of the building still remains, and is regarded as a historic property, but the hospital has not operated since 1961.[51]
  • Saint Augustine's College Historic Chapel - The college cornerstone was laid in 1895 under the guidance of Henry Beard Delany, the first African-American Bishop elected to the Episcopal Church and the first Bishop to graduate from the college. The chapel was made possible through the acquisition by the Freedmen's Bureau and is one of the oldest landmarks at St. Augustine's University.
  • Martin Luther King Jr. Reception Center Center - Built in 1973, it was previously the school's Student Union and now holds the cafeteria, mailing room, bookstore, and ballroom.
  • Benson Building of Technology
  • Charles H. Boyer Administration Building (Office of the President)
  • Charles Mosee Building (Office of Academic Affairs)
  • Cheshire Building (Division of Business)
  • Delany Hall (Office of Financial Aid & Admissions)
  • Emery Gymnasium
  • George "Pup" Williams Track & Field Stadium
  • Goold Hall Student Union
  • Hermitage Faculty Building
  • Hunter Administration Building
  • Joseph C. Gordan Health & Science Center
  • Penick Hall of Math & Sciences
  • Prezell R. Robinson Library
  • Tuttle Hall of Military Sciences
  • Seby Jones Fine Arts Center
  • Residence Halls
    • Baker Hall - 1963) - all-female
    • Boyer Hall (1990) - all-male
    • FalkCrest Court (2007) co-educational, upperclassmen
    • Latham Hall (1974) - all-male, freshmen
    • Lynch Hall (1961) - all-male, athlete upperclassmen
    • Weston Hall (1986) all-female, freshmen
    • Atkinson Hall (1961) - inactive

Until 2024,[40] the campus hosted the Wake Young Men's Leadership Academy, an early college high school program in grades 11-13.[52]

Media

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Saint Augustine's University was the nation's first historically black college to have its own on-campus commercial radio and television stations (WAUG 750 AM, WAUG-TV 8, and Time Warner cable channel 10). It is one of two colleges or universities in the Raleigh/Durham area to offer a degree in film production.

Student activities

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St. Augustine has over 30 student organizations, including fraternities and sororities.

Athletics

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Main article: St. Augustine's Falcons

Saint Augustine's competes in NCAA Division II in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Varsity sports include:

Notable alumni

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Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Bernard Allen 1962 Educator and long-time lobbyist for the North Carolina Association of Educators; North Carolina House member, 2003–2006 [53]
Hannah Diggs Atkins 1943 first African-American woman elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1968–1980)
Luther Barnes 1976 Gospel music recording artist
Ralph Campbell, Jr. 1968 former North Carolina State Auditor; the first African-American elected to that position in North Carolina [54]
Travis Cherry Grammy Nominated Music Producer
Anna Julia Cooper writer, educator, one of the first African-American women to receive a PhD.
Bessie and Sadie Delany Bessie, 1911
Sadie, 1910 		African Americans who published their best-selling memoir, Having Our Say, at the ages of 102 and 104, respectively [55][56]
Henry Beard Delany 1885 first African-American Episcopal Bishop
Hubert Thomas Delany 1919 American civil rights pioneer, a lawyer, politician, Assistant U.S. Attorney, the first African American Tax Commissioner of New York and one of the first appointed African American judges in New York City
Ruby Butler DeMesme 1969 former Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower, Installations and Environment
Ramon Gittens Sprinter at the 2012 Summer Olympics [57]
Robert X. Golphin Actor "The Great Debaters"
Trevor Graham former track & field coach
Alex Hall professional football player
Maycie Herrington 1940 documentarian of the Tuskegee Airmen and social worker [58]
Ike Lassiter 1962 the first NFL player ever from St. Augustine's College
William McBryar 1885 Medal of Honor recipient
James E.C. Perry 1966 Justice of the Supreme Court of Florida
Antonio Pettigrew 2000 Olympic gold medalist in the men's 4 × 400 meter relay for the United States. He also won the gold medal at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo.
Cynthia A. Pratt 1983 12th Governor-General of the Bahamas
Lloyd Quarterman 1943 chemist who worked on the Manhattan Project
Chaz Robinson 2014 professional football player

References

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  1. ^ a b "Fall semester begins at Saint Augustine's University with student body of just 200". WRAL-TV. September 3, 2024. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  2. ^ "Text only version- Raleigh: A Capital City: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Disclosure Statement Regarding the Status of SAINT AUGUSTINE'S UNIVERSITY, Raleigh, North Carolina" (PDF). sacscoc.org. Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. December 8, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  4. ^ a b Talhelm, Matt (February 27, 2024). "Saint Augustine's University has its accreditation appeal denied, school plans to file lawsuit". WRAL News. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d "Disclosure Statement Regarding the Status of SAINT AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY, Raleigh, North Carolina" (PDF). sacscoc.org. Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. July 22, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Taylor, Art (March 1996). "From Its Humble Past To Its Proud Present: A History of St. Augustine's College". St. Augustine's Inaugural Edition. Raleigh, NC: St. Augustine's College. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
  7. ^ "History -- St. Augustine's University". St. Augustine's University. St. Augustine's University. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  8. ^ a b "Suber Officially Named President At St. Augustine's College". WRAL.com. March 31, 2001. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  9. ^ "St. Augustine's College officially becomes St. Augustine's University". WRAL.com. August 1, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Historically black North Carolina university off probation". Associated Press. December 11, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  11. ^ Moody, Josh (February 21, 2024). "Struggling Saint Augustine's Hit With $7.9 Million Tax Lien". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  12. ^ Parry, Marc (June 1, 2011). "'Negative' Facebook Post Gets Student Barred From Commencement – Wired Campus – The Chronicle of Higher Education". Chronicle.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  13. ^ Parry, Marc (July 11, 2011). "Graduate Sues College That Barred Him From Commencement – Wired Campus – The Chronicle of Higher Education". Chronicle.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  14. ^ "Complaint" (PDF). thefire.org. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  15. ^ St. Aug's, student banned from commencement settle lawsuit – Education Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. NewsObserver.com (December 30, 2011).
  16. ^ Christina Ng (June 28, 2013). "Convicted Murderers Run North Carolina Kids Camp". ABC News. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  17. ^ Jon Camp (June 28, 2014). "Convicted killers run Raleigh kiddie camp". WTVD-TV. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  18. ^ Jodie Leese Gusco (June 28, 2013). "Convicted killers reassigned from St. Aug's Kiddie Kollege". WRAL. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  19. ^ Nick DeSantis (April 7, 2014). "President of Saint Augustine's U. Is Removed Immediately". Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  20. ^ Reginald Stuart (April 7, 2014). "St. Augustine's Dianne Boardley Suber Out 'Effective Immediately'". Diverse: Issues in Higher Education. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  21. ^ Bruce Siceloff (April 10, 2015). "Everett Ward named president of St. Aug's University". News & Observer. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  22. ^ a b "St. Aug's chairman: 'You can't have two presidents'". WRAL.com. WRAL. March 19, 2019.
  23. ^ a b c d "Dismissed St. Aug's employees, including track coach George Williams, sue claiming wrongful termination". WRAL.com. July 9, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  24. ^ Owens, Gerald (November 29, 2023). "Famed track coach George Williams helps athletes prep for Paris Olympics, reflects on departure from St. Augustine's University". WRAL SportsFan. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  25. ^ "Coronavirus kills 'transformative' St. Aug's president". WRAL News. October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  26. ^ a b "Saint Augustine's University announces new interim president amid accreditation challenges". WRAL News. December 4, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  27. ^ "Former Saint Augustine's football coach files lawsuit, alleges he was intimidated into silence before firing". WRAL News. December 26, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  28. ^ a b Hoggard, DeJuan (December 5, 2023). "Saint Augustine's University in flux after firing president; accreditation in jeopardy". WTVD-TV Raleigh-Durham. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  29. ^ Charles, J. Brian (December 12, 2023). "In One Week, Saint Augustine's U. Lost an Accreditation Fight, Fired Its President, and Saw a Faculty Revolt". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  30. ^ Roy, Amalia (January 6, 2024). "Officials explain delay for students moving in at St. Augustine's University". CBS17. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  31. ^ Price, Jamiese (January 6, 2024). "Saint Augustine's University moves to online classes for start of spring semester". ABC 11 Eyewitness News Raleigh-Durham. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  32. ^ Athans, Elaina (February 15, 2024). "Saint Augustine's University professors cancel classes due to school's payroll problems". WTVD-TV Raleigh-Durham. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  33. ^ Donovan, Chelsea (February 19, 2024). "Saint Augustine's University faces financial crisis: $7.9M tax lien, unpaid debts and accreditation at risk". WRAL-TV. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
  34. ^ Davis, Akilah (February 27, 2024). "$10M missing from Saint Augustine's financial records, new audit documents reveal". ABC 11 Eyewitness News. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  35. ^ a b c Davis, Akilah (March 4, 2024). "Saint Augustine's president says board 'responsible' for financial challenges, shares path forward". ABC 11 Eyewitness News. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  36. ^ Dean, Korie (March 1, 2024). "Did St. Aug's lose its accreditation? A look at the NC HBCU's options to stay open". News and Observer. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  37. ^ Talhelm, Matt (March 4, 2024). "Q&A: Saint Augustine's president 'hopelessly optimistic' despite accreditation, financial woes". WRAL-TV. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  38. ^ Talhelm, Matt (March 25, 2024). "Former HBCU president talks about the fight Saint Augustine's faces in trying to stay accredited". WRAL-TV. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  39. ^ Talhelm, Matt (March 8, 2024). "Saint Augustine's University employees without paychecks again". WRAL-TV. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  40. ^ a b Dean, Korie (March 21, 2024). "St. Aug's confirms move to online learning. But these students can stay on campus". News and Observer. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  41. ^ a b c Funderberg, Greg (April 3, 2024). "Saint Augustine's University President talks to CBS 17 about financial challenges". CBS 17. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  42. ^ WRAL (June 20, 2024). "St. Augustine's, Shaw alumni discuss possibility of merger". WRAL.com. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  43. ^ a b Bass, Alex (August 21, 2024). "St. Aug's partners with capital provider led by Duke faculty member". The Triangle Tribune. Durham, North Carolina. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  44. ^ "STrustees make pre-emptive strike, oust St. Aug's president". WRAL.com. April 7, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  45. ^ "St. Aug's removes 'interim' from new president's title". WRAL.com. April 10, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  46. ^ a b "St. Aug's board pushes president out". WRAL.com. March 19, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  47. ^ a b Perchick, Michael (October 16, 2020). "COVID-19 blamed in death of Saint Augustine's University president Irving McPhail". ABC 11. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  48. ^ "Saint Augustine's University announces new interim president amid accreditation challenges". WRAL.com. December 13, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
  49. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  50. ^ a b Haywood, Margaret (May 17, 1953). "St. Agnes Hospital fought to serve". News & Observer. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  51. ^ Leoanrd, Teresa (March 31, 2017). "St. Agnes Hospital fought to serve". News & Observer. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  52. ^ "Welcome to the Wake Young Men's Leadership Academy". Wake Young Men's Leadership Academy. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  53. ^ "HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 5". Session 2007. North Carolina General Assembly. January 25, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  54. ^ "Campbell Says He Would Be Effective Auditor". The Carolinian. Vol. 51, no. 44. April 23, 1992. pp. 13, 18.
  55. ^ "Annie Elizabeth "Bessie" Delaney". Columbia250. Columbia University. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  56. ^ "Sarah Louise "Sadie" Delaney". Columbia250. Columbia University. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  57. ^ "Ramon Gittens – Athletics – Olympic Athlete". london2012.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  58. ^ "Maycie Herrington". HistoryMakers. Retrieved November 29, 2013.

Relevant literature

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  • Suttell, Brian. 2023. Campus to Counter: Civil Rights in Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, 1960-1963. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
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