Gerard Swope (December 1, 1872 – November 20, 1957) was an American electronics businessman. He served as the president of General Electric Company between 1922 and 1940, and again from 1942 until 1945.[1] During this time Swope expanded GE's product offerings, reorienting GE toward consumer home appliances, and offering consumer credit services.
Biography
editSwope was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Ida and Isaac Swope, Jewish immigrants from Germany.[2] He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. He married Mary Dayton Hill. He was the brother of Herbert Bayard Swope, and father of Henrietta Swope and John Swope, the Hollywood and Life Magazine photographer who married actress Dorothy McGuire.
He is possibly best known for his labor relations innovations. At General Electric, Swope implemented numerous labor reforms, making conditions better for employees with voluntary unemployment insurance, profit-sharing, and other programs that were considered radical in their day. Swope increased sales and overall efficiency (economics), earning high profits and market share and focused on employee training, retention, and loyalty. Before the passage of the Wagner Act, Swope "had long supported labor legislation."[3]
He served as Chairman of The Business Council, then known as the Business Advisory Council, for the United States Department of Commerce in 1933.[4] Swope's other Roosevelt administration roles included member, Industrial Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933); member, Bureau of Advertising and Planning of the Department of Commerce (1933); chairman, Coal Advisory Board (1933); member, National Labor Board (1933); member, President's Advisory Council on Economic Security (1934); and member, Advisory Council on Social Security (1937–1938). Swope was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in 1942, when he was chairman of the committee to Study Budgets of Relief Appeals for Foreign Countries. For his work, he won the Hoover Medal.[5]
Later life
editIn 1949, Swope made his first visit to Israel at the suggestion of friends who were active in the Palestine Economic Corporation. On the trip, Swope expressed that he would consider moving to a kibbutz "if he didn't love New York so much." He was a long-time sponsor of the American Technion Society, which supported Technion University in Haifa.[6]
He died in New York City on November 20, 1957. In 2005, Forbes Magazine ranked Swope as the 20th most influential businessman of all time.[7]
Swope Plan
editIn September 1931, Swope presented a proposal for recovery. Under the Swope plan, the Federal Trade Commission would supervise trade associations established for each industry. Trade associations would cover every company with at least 50 employees after three years.[8] Associations would regulate output and set prices. Workers would receive life insurance, pensions, and unemployment insurance paid for in part by employers. The Chamber of Commerce and other conservative groups provided enthusiastic support.[9]
President Herbert Hoover, who strongly supported voluntary trade associations, denounced the plan for being compulsory, inefficient, and monopolistic.[10]
In an oral history interview, Leon H. Keyserling said the New Deal's National Industrial Recovery Act "started as a trade association act. The original draft of the act grew out of the so-called Gerard Swope plan for Recovery."[11] When asked in November 1933 about an updated Swope Plan, President Roosevelt said, "Mr. Swope's plan is a very interesting theoretical suggestion in regard to some ultimate development of N.R.A."[12]
Honors
edit- Hoover Medal, 1942
- Legion of Honor (France)
- Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)
- Honorary doctorates from Rutgers, Union, Colgate, Stevens Institute of Technology, Washington University in St. Louis,[13] and Haifa Institute of Technology.[6]
References
edit
- ^ "GE Leadership | GE Executives | GE Management | General Electric".
- ^ Irmer, Thomas. "Gerard Swope." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 4, edited by Jeffrey Fear. German Historical Institute. Last modified March 05, 2013.
- ^ Richman, Sheldon, Libertarian Left Archived 2011-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative (March 2011)
- ^ The Business Council, Official website, Background Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Book Rags, Gerald Swope Biography, available at www.bookrags.com.
- ^ a b "Gerard Swope Jr. Dies; Was Great Friend of Israel; Supported Technion". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 1957-11-21. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Forbes online article". Forbes. Archived from the original on July 12, 2005. Retrieved 2005-09-30.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Sutton, Antony (1975). Wall Street and FDR. New Rochelle: Arlington House. ISBN 9780870003288.
- ^ Garraty, John (1986). The Great Depression. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-136903-8, p. 149.
- ^ Garraty (1986), p. 191
- ^ Hess, Jerry, "Oral History Interview with Leon H. Keyserling," Harry S Truman Library, May 3, 1971. (Available at http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/keyserl1.htm; retrieved January 29, 2013)
- ^ Garraty (1986), p. 192
- ^ Book Rags, Gerard Swope Biography