The Battle of Germantown on 4 October 1777 pitted a 9,000-man British army under General William Howe against an 11,000-strong American army commanded by General George Washington. After an initial advance, the American reserve allowed itself to be diverted by 120 British troops holding out in the Benjamin Chew House. A heavy morning fog disoriented the American assault columns and led to a friendly fire incident between elements of Major General John Sullivan's right column and Major General Nathanael Greene's left column. At about this time, the American attack lost impetus and both columns retreated. Meanwhile, two wide flanking columns numbering 3,000 American militia had little effect on the outcome. American losses were 152 men killed, 521 wounded and 438 captured, while Howe's men suffered 71 killed, 448 wounded and 14 missing.[1]
British Army order of battle
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General Sir William Howe (9,000)[2]
Picket
editBrigadier General Sir William Erskine
- 40th Foot, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Musgrave
- 1st Light Infantry Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Abercromby of Airthrey[3]
- 14 light companies
- 2nd Light Infantry Battalion, Brigadier General Sir William Erskine,[4] Major John Maitland[5]
- 14 light companies
Right Wing
editGeneral Sir William Howe
- Guards Brigade: Brigadier General Edward Mathew[6][7]
- Elements of 1st Foot Guards, 2nd Foot Guards, and 3rd Foot Guards Regiments
- 1st Battalion (488)
- Grenadier company, Lieutenant Colonel Sir George Osborn (124)[8]
- Hyde's company (93)
- Wrottesley's company (91)
- Cox's company (90)
- Garth's company (90)
- 2nd Battalion (451)
- 1st Brigade: Major General James Grant
- 2nd Brigade: Major General Grant
- Reinforcements: Lieutenant General Charles, Earl Cornwallis, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Monckton[11]
- 1st Grenadier Battalion
- 2nd Grenadier Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Monckton
- Unbrigaded:
- Queen's Rangers: Colonel James Weymss
- Light Dragoons (2 squadrons)
Left Wing
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Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen
- Hessian Jaegers: Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb
- 3rd Brigade: Major General Charles Grey
- 4th Brigade: Major General James Agnew †
- Hessian Brigade: Major General Johann Daniel Stirn
- Erbprinz Infantry Regiment
- Donop Infantry Regiment
- Reinforcements: Colonel Carl von Donop[12]
- Grenadier Battalion Minningerode
- Grenadier Battalion Linsing
British and Hessian officers
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| James Grant | Charles Grey | Robert Abercromby | Ludwig von Wurmb | Sir William Erskine |
American Army order of battle
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General and Commander-in-Chief George Washington (8,000 regulars, 3,000 militia, 200 cavalry)[13][14]
Right Wing Militia
editBrigadier General John Armstrong Sr. (1,500)[15]
- Pennsylvania Militia Brigade: Brigadier General James Potter
- four light cannons
- 1st Philadelphia City Troop
Left Wing Militia
editBrigadier General William Smallwood (1,500)
- Maryland Militia Brigade: Brigadier General Smallwood
- New Jersey Militia Brigade: Brigadier General David Forman
Right Wing Continentals
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Major General John Sullivan
- Division: Major General Sullivan (1,000)[16]
- 1st Maryland Brigade: Colonel John Hoskins Stone
- 1st Maryland Regiment, Colonel John Hoskins Stone
- 3rd Maryland Regiment
- 7th Maryland Regiment
- 1st Delaware Regiment, Colonel David Hall
- 2nd Maryland Brigade: Colonel Moses Hazen
- 2nd Maryland Regiment
- 4th Maryland Regiment, Colonel Josias Hall, Major John Eager Howard[17]
- 6th Maryland Regiment
- 2nd Canadian Regiment, Colonel Moses Hazen
- 1st Maryland Brigade: Colonel John Hoskins Stone
- Division: Brigadier General Anthony Wayne (2,000 including Conway)[18]
- 1st Pennsylvania Brigade: Colonel Thomas Hartley
- 1st Pennsylvania Regiment
- 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment
- 7th Pennsylvania Regiment
- 10th Pennsylvania Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Adam Hubley
- Hartley's Additional Continental Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Morgan Connor
- 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade: Colonel Richard Humpton
- 1st Pennsylvania Brigade: Colonel Thomas Hartley
- 3rd Pennsylvania Brigade: Brigadier General Thomas Conway[19]
- Cavalry:
- Delaware Horse: Captain Allen McLane
- 1st Continental Light Dragoons detachment: Colonel Theodorick Bland
- 4th Continental Light Dragoons detachment: Colonel Stephen Moylan
Left Wing Continentals
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Major General Nathanael Greene
- Connecticut Brigade: Brigadier General Alexander McDougall (1,000)[20]
- Division: Major General Greene (1,500)[22]
- 1st Virginia Brigade: Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg[23]
- 1st Virginia Regiment, Colonel James Hendricks[24]
- 5th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Josiah Parker[24]
- 9th Virginia Regiment, Colonel George Mathews (Lt. Col. John Sayres killed in action; Major Levin Joynes captured)[24]
- 13th Virginia Regiment, Colonel William Russell[24]
- 2nd Virginia Brigade: Brigadier General George Weedon
- 2nd Virginia Regiment, Colonel Richard Parker[24]
- 6th Virginia Regiment, Colonel John Gibson[24]
- 10th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Edward Stevens[24]
- 14th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Charles Lewis[24]
- Pennsylvania State Regiment, Colonel Walter Stewart
- 1st Virginia Brigade: Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg[23]
- Division: Major General Adam Stephen (1,500)
- 3rd Virginia Brigade: Brigadier General William Woodford (absent)[25][26]
- 3rd Virginia Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel T. Will Heth[27]
- 7th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Alexander McClanachan[24]
- 11th Virginia Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Christian Febiger
- 15th Virginia Regiment
- 4th Virginia Brigade: Brigadier General Charles Scott
- 4th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Robert Lawson[24]
- 8th Virginia Regiment, Colonel Abraham Bowman (Major William Darke captured)[24]
- 12th Virginia Regiment, Colonel James Wood[24]
- 3rd Virginia Brigade: Brigadier General William Woodford (absent)[25][26]
- Cavalry: Brigadier General Count Casimir Pulaski
Reserve
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Major General William Alexander, Lord Stirling (1,200)
- North Carolina Brigade: Brigadier General Francis Nash †[28]
- 1st North Carolina Regiment, Colonel Thomas Clark
- 2nd North Carolina Regiment
- 3rd North Carolina Regiment, Colonel Jethro Sumner
- 4th North Carolina Regiment
- 5th North Carolina Regiment
- 6th North Carolina Regiment
- 7th North Carolina Regiment, Colonel James Hogun
- 8th North Carolina Regiment
- 9th North Carolina Regiment
- New Jersey Brigade: Brigadier General William Maxwell[29]
- Artillery: Brigadier General Henry Knox
- Pennsylvania Artillery: Colonel Thomas Proctor (two guns)[31]
American officers
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| William Smallwood | Thomas Conway | Henry Knox | John Hoskins Stone | Peter Muhlenberg |
Notes
edit- ^ Eggenberger, 166–167
- ^ Johnson, 70
- ^ McGuire (2007), 102
- ^ McGuire (2007), 61. McGuire listed the light companies by regiment. Erskine took the 2nd Light Infantry on patrol very early, but found nothing.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 58
- ^ McGuire (2006), 397. This brigade, with a nominal strength of 1,000 men, was drawn by lottery from the three foot guard regiments.
- ^ McGuire (2006), 379. The author gave the Guards Brigade company organization and strength for September 12, 1777.
- ^ McGuire (2006), 6. The author named the company commander Osborn.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 234. Captain Thomas Twistleton led the light company but missed most of the campaign.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 57. Osborn led both flank companies at Germantown.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 75, 120. Monckton was in command of the British grenadiers, while Cornwallis led them from their quarters in Philadelphia to the battle. They arrived late and joined the pursuit.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 14. Donop led the Hessian grenadiers.
- ^ Johnson, 70. Johnson listed the American brigades and cavalry units, but not the foot regiments.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 50. McGuire estimated the strengths of the divisions and brigades.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 49
- ^ McGuire (2007), 69. McGuire gave the brigade commanders and the regiments of Sullivan's division.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 111
- ^ McGuire (2007), 71. McGuire gave the brigade commanders and the regiments of Wayne's division.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 65. McGuire listed the regiments in Conway's brigade.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 55. McGuire listed the regiments in McDougall's brigade.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 116
- ^ McGuire (2007), 56. McGuire listed the brigades and regiments in Greene's division.
- ^ Wright, 283–292. The author listed the composition of all four Virginia brigades.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sanchez-Saavedra, E.M. (1978). A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations in the American Revolution. Richmond: Virginia State Library. pp. 29–72. ISBN 0-88490-003-7.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 94. McGuire noted that Woodford was absent and that the acting commander is not known.
- ^ Wright, 112. Wright gave the composition of the 3rd Virginia Brigade. He also listed the numbers of the four Virginia brigades and their commanders.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 93. This officer is named.
- ^ Wright, 108. All nine North Carolina regiments reached Philadelphia in July 1777. However, their aggregate strength was only 131 officers and 963 enlisted men. Only two of the regiments numbered over 200 men.
- ^ Wright, 255–257. All four regiments were assigned to the New Jersey Brigade on 22 May 1777.
- ^ a b McGuire (2007), 89. This colonel is misnamed Aaron Ogden.
- ^ McGuire (2007), 87
References
edit- Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24913-1.
- Johnson, Curt (1975). Battles of the American Revolution. London: Rand McNally & Company. ISBN 0-528-81022-7.
- McGuire, Thomas J. (2006). The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume I. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0178-6.
- McGuire, Thomas J. (2007). The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume II. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0206-5.
- Wright, Robert K. Jr. (1989). The Continental Army. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-001931-1. Archived from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2011-11-06.