Gernot Zippe (November 1917 – 7 May 2008) was an Austrian mechanical engineer and a nuclear physicist of German origin who is widely credited with leading the team which developed the Zippe-type centrifuge, a centrifuge machine for the enrichment and collection of Uranium-235, during his time in the Soviet program of nuclear weapons.
Gernot Zippe | |
|---|---|
| Born | November 1917 |
| Died | 7 May 2008 (aged 90) |
| Nationality | German |
| Citizenship |  Austria |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna |
| Known for | Zippe-type centrifuges Soviet program of nuclear weapons German nuclear program during World War II |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mechanical engineering |
| Institutions | Luftwaffe Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Tomsk-7 University of Virginia (United States) |
Early life and World War II
editZippe was born in Varnsdorf, Austria-Hungary (nowadays Czech Republic) in 1917. Zippe studied and graduated with B.Sc. Physics at the University of Vienna in 1938, and served in the Luftwaffe as a flight instructor and a researcher on radar and airplane propellers. In 1941, Zippe received his B.S. in mechanical engineering, and M.Sc. in 1943 in the same discipline. While doing his post doctoral research at the University of Vienna, Zippe participated in Germany's nuclear weapons project in the 1940s. He was the junior research team member of the isotope separation project led by Klaus Clusius at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1945, he was awarded a PhD in mechanical engineering with emphasizing on thermal column and its applicant physics. By the time Zippe fully joined the project as the team leader, Soviet special service kidnapped him, along with other technically skilled scientists and engineers, and imprisoned him in a special camp where he led a team that worked on centrifuge research for the Soviet Union.[1] In the Soviet Union Zippe worked at the Physics Institute of Sukhumi on a centrifuge project, led by German director Manfred von Ardenne, and directed by another German scientist Max Steenbeck, whose theoretical achievements Zippe used. He was allowed to leave in 1956, and returned to Vienna.
When Zippe visited a 1957 conference on centrifuge research in Amsterdam, he realized the rest of the world was far behind what his team had been able to achieve. His notes had been confiscated when he left the Soviet Union, but working from memory, he was able to recreate the centrifuge at the University of Virginia in the United States.[2]
United States offer
editThe United States government tried to recruit him for secret nuclear research, going so far as to ask him to change his citizenship, but he refused and returned to Europe.[2]
Personal interests
editWorking in industry in the 1960s, he was able to improve the efficiency of the centrifuge. He enjoyed flying and flew planes until he was 80 years old.[2]
Legacy
editHis invention made it cheaper to produce fuel for nuclear reactors but also to build nuclear weapons, which increased the risk of nuclear proliferation. When asked if he has any regrets, he responded, "With a kitchen knife you can peel a potato or kill your neighbor, it's up to governments to use the centrifuge for the benefit of mankind."[2]
Awards
edit- Wilhelm Exner Medal (1990).[3]
Other
editIn Hebrew, the name "Gernot Zippe" (גרנוט ציפה) is an anagram of the word "Centrifuge" (צנטריפוגה).
References
edit- ^ "The problem of Uranium Isotope Separation by Means of Ultracentrifuge in the USSR" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 1957-10-08. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
- ^ a b c d "Slender and Elegant, It Fuels the Bomb". New York Times. 2004-03-23. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
- ^ Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.
External links
edit- The Zippe Type – The Poor Man's Bomb, BBC Radio 4, 19 May 2004
- Tracking the technology, Nuclear Engineering International, 31 August 2004
- Slender and Elegant, It Fuels the Bomb, New York Times, March 23, 2004
- Gernot Zippe