Methuselah-like 5 is a protein that in Drosophila is encoded by the Mthl5 (also known as Gia) gene.
| methuselah-like 5 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Organism | |||||||
| Symbol | mthl5 | ||||||
| Alt. symbols | Gia | ||||||
| Entrez | 41438 | ||||||
| HomoloGene | 80839 | ||||||
| RefSeq (mRNA) | NM_141869.3 | ||||||
| RefSeq (Prot) | NP_650126.2 | ||||||
| UniProt | Q9VGG8 | ||||||
| Other data | |||||||
| Chromosome | 3R: 11.88 - 11.89 Mb | ||||||
| |||||||
Methuselah-like 5 is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that is essential for cardiac development in Drosophila.[1] Deletion of this gene interferes with cardioblast junction proteins, resulting in a broken hearted phenotype similar to other heterotrimeric cardiac G protein mutants.[1] Gia is expressed at stage 13 within bilateral rows of cardioblasts, but during stages 13–15 anterior cardioblasts demonstrate increasing expression while posterior cardioblast expression decreases.[1] By stage 16, Gia expression occurs only in aortic cardioblasts and is not present in the posterior segment cardioblasts.[1] Gia expression only occurs in the aorta and is presently the only gene known in Drosophila with a strictly aortic expression.[1] This gene is also known as Mthl5 (methuselah-like G protein coupled receptor) and is part of a gene family found in insects but not vertebrates.[2] Overexpression of Gia in a transgenic fly model did not cause any cardiac defects.[1]
G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCR) have a characteristic arrangement of seven transmembrane portions that culminate in an extracellular N-terminus and intracellular C-terminus.[3] More than 200 different GPCRs can be found in Drosophila.[3] GPCRs activation is facilitated by the g-proteins Gα, Gβ, and Gγ.[3] Drosophila have a relatively small number of G-proteins, making them a useful model for the study of GPCR outcomes.[3] Drosophila have a cardiac structure called the dorsal vessel that comprises a tubular structure with a cardioaortic valve and aortic-like outflow.[4] Genes important for cardiac development in Drosophila include NK2, MEF2, GATA, Tbx, and Hand.[4][5]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Patel MV, Zhu JY, Jiang Z, Richman A, VanBerkum MF, Han Z (June 2016). "Gia/Mthl5 is an aorta specific GPCR required for Drosophila heart tube morphology and normal pericardial cell positioning". Developmental Biology. 414 (1): 100–7. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.009. PMC 4875858. PMID 26994946.
- ^ de Mendoza A, Jones JW, Friedrich M (February 2016). "Methuselah/Methuselah-like G protein-coupled receptors constitute an ancient metazoan gene family". Scientific Reports. 6: 21801. doi:10.1038/srep21801. PMC 4768249. PMID 26915348.
- ^ a b c d Hanlon CD, Andrew DJ (October 2015). "Outside-in signaling--a brief review of GPCR signaling with a focus on the Drosophila GPCR family". Journal of Cell Science. 128 (19): 3533–42. doi:10.1242/jcs.175158. PMC 4610211. PMID 26345366.
- ^ a b Olson EN (September 2006). "Gene regulatory networks in the evolution and development of the heart". Science. 313 (5795): 1922–7. doi:10.1126/science.1132292. PMC 4459601. PMID 17008524.
- ^ Grunert M, Dorn C, Rickert-Sperling S (2016). "Cardiac Transcription Factors and Regulatory Networks". Congenital Heart Diseases: The Broken Heart. pp. 139–52. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1883-2_12. ISBN 978-3-7091-1882-5.