Wikipedia

Gipuzkoa (Basque Parliament constituency)

For the Congress of Deputies constituency, see Gipuzkoa (Congress of Deputies constituency). For the Senate constituency, see Gipuzkoa (Senate constituency).

Gipuzkoa (Spanish: Guipúzcoa) is one of the three constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Basque Parliament, the regional legislature of the Basque Autonomous Community. The constituency currently elects 25 deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Gipuzkoa. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Gipuzkoa
Basque Parliament
Electoral constituency
Location of Gipuzkoa within the Basque Country
ProvinceGipuzkoa
Autonomous communityBasque Country
Population723,576 (2019)[1]
Electorate584,905 (2020)[2]
Major settlementsDonostia-San Sebastián, Irún
Current constituency
Created1980
Seats20 (1980–1984)
25 (1984–present)
Member(s)
  •   EH Bildu (11)
  •   PNV (9)
  •   PSE–EE (4)
  •   PP (1)

Electoral system

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The constituency was created as per the Statute of Autonomy for the Basque Country of 1979 and was first contested in the 1980 regional election. The Statute provided for the three provinces in the Basque Country—Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa—to be established as multi-member districts in the Basque Parliament, with this regulation being maintained under the 1983 and 1990 regional electoral laws. Each constituency is allocated a fixed number of 25 seats each, to provide for an equal representation of the three provinces in Parliament as required under the regional Statute. The exception was the 1980 election, when this number was 60.[3][4][5]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Basque Country and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Basques abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado) which was abolished in 2022.[6][7] Seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which, until 1983 and from 1990 includes blank ballots; also and until a 2000 reform, the threshold was set at five percent—being applied in each constituency.[3][4][5] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[8]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1983; and only the signature of 500 electors from 1983 to 1990—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[4][5][9][10]

Deputies

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Deputies 1980–present
Key to parties
  HB
  EH
  EHAK
  EH Bildu[a]
  EH Bildu[b]
  IU/EB
  EB–B
  Elkarrekin Podemos
  Aralar
  EE
  PSE/PSE–EE
  EA
  PNV/PNV–EA
  UCD
  PP+Cs
  PP
  CP
Parliament Election Distribution
1st 1980
4 3 3 9 1
2nd 1984
5 2 6 11 1
3rd 1986
6 3 6 6 4
4th 1990
6 2 5 5 6 1
5th 1994
6 2 4 4 6 3
6th 1998
7 4 4 6 4
7th 2001
4 1 4 12 4
8th 2005
5 1 1 5 10 3
9th 2009
1 2 8 1 10 3
10th 2012
9 5 9 2
11th 2016
8 3 3 9 2
12th 2020
9 2 3 10 1
13th 2024
11 4 9 1

Elections

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2024 regional election

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Summary of the 21 April 2024 Basque Parliament election results in Gipuzkoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 137,308 39.82 +4.90 11 +2
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 108,227 31.38 –4.70 9 –1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 46,266 13.42 +0.64 4 +1
People's Party (PP)1 22,071 6.40 +1.76 1 ±0
Unite (Sumar)2 10,617 3.08 n/a 0 –1
United We Can–Green Alliance (Podemos/Ahal Dugu–AV)2 7,469 2.17 n/a 0 –1
Vox (Vox) 5,218 1.51 +0.19 0 ±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)3 1,784 0.52 +0.07 0 ±0
Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB/AZ) 1,161 0.34 +0.04 0 ±0
To Be (Izan) 639 0.19 New 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 462 0.13 +0.06 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,626 1.05 +0.10
Total 344,848 25 ±0
Valid votes 344,848 99.46 –0.04
Invalid votes 1,864 0.54 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 346,712 58.99 +6.81
Abstentions 241,000 41.01 –6.81
Registered voters 587,712
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

2020 regional election

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Summary of the 12 July 2020 Basque Parliament election results in Gipuzkoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 109,554 36.08 +1.99 10 +1
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 106,027 34.92 +6.24 9 +1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 38,795 12.78 +1.03 3 ±0
United We Can–United Left (Podemos/Ahal Dugu, Ezker Anitza–IU) 21,568 7.10 –7.09 2 –1
People's Party+Citizens (PP+Cs)1 14,086 4.64 –4.23 1 –1
Vox (Vox) 4,020 1.32 New 0 ±0
Equo Greens–Basque Country Greens (Equo Berdeak–Verdes) 3,439 1.13 New 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA) 1,357 0.45 –0.29 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB/AZ) 911 0.30 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–The Greens–Municipalists (Recortes Cero–LV–M) 362 0.12 –0.11 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 208 0.07 New 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 176 0.06 New 0 ±0
Free for the Basque Country (LxE/EaL) 171 0.06 New 0 ±0
Spanish Christian Democratic Union (UCDE) 121 0.04 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,874 0.95 +0.33
Total 303,669 25 ±0
Valid votes 303,669 99.50 –0.19
Invalid votes 1,531 0.50 +0.19
Votes cast / turnout 305,200 52.18 –7.20
Abstentions 279,706 47.82 +7.20
Registered voters 584,906
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

2016 regional election

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Summary of the 25 September 2016 Basque Parliament election results in Gipuzkoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 117,260 34.09 +2.51 9 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 98,663 28.68 –3.08 8 –1
United We Can (Podemos, Ezker Anitza–IU, Equo)1 48,800 14.19 +10.79 3 +3
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 40,425 11.75 –7.27 3 –2
People's Party (PP) 24,766 7.20 –1.21 2 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 5,730 1.67 New 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA) 2,535 0.74 +0.37 0 ±0
Let's Win the Basque Country: Yes We Can (Ganemos Irabazi) 1,856 0.54 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 806 0.23 New 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 805 0.23 New 0 ±0
Navarrese Freedom (Ln) 191 0.06 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,119 0.62 –0.68
Total 343,956 25 ±0
Valid votes 343,956 99.69 +0.27
Invalid votes 1,064 0.31 –0.27
Votes cast / turnout 345,020 59.38 –3.90
Abstentions 236,002 40.62 +3.90
Registered voters 581,022
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

2012 regional election

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Summary of the 21 October 2012 Basque Parliament election results in Gipuzkoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)1 115,086 31.76 +16.41 9 +6
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 114,446 31.58 –4.91 9 –1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 68,915 19.02 –11.16 5 –3
People's Party (PP) 30,461 8.41 –2.05 2 –1
United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV) 9,630 2.66 New 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 5,231 1.44 –0.29 0 ±0
United Left–Greens (EB–B) 5,040 1.39 –2.27 0 –1
Blank Seats (EB/AZ) 3,573 0.99 New 0 ±0
Equo Greens–Basque Ecologists (Equo)2 2,682 0.74 +0.18 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA) 1,345 0.37 New 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 679 0.19 –0.15 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 335 0.09 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 223 0.06 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 4,721 1.30 +0.07
Total 362,367 25 ±0
Valid votes 362,367 99.42 +12.91
Invalid votes 2,099 0.58 –12.91
Votes cast / turnout 364,466 63.28 +1.52
Abstentions 211,469 36.72 –1.52
Registered voters 575,935
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

2009 regional election

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Summary of the 1 March 2009 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)1 112,101 36.49 n/a 10 +4
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 92,714 30.18 +10.04 8 +3
People's Party (PP) 32,123 10.46 –2.76 3 ±0
Aralar (Aralar) 31,262 10.18 +6.25 2 +1
Basque Solidarity (EA)1 15,885 5.17 n/a 1 –3
United Left–Greens (EB–B) 11,240 3.66 –1.55 1 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 5,327 1.73 New 0 ±0
The Greens (B/LV) 1,708 0.56 New 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1,048 0.34 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK) n/a n/a –18.09 0 –5
Blank ballots 3,793 1.23 +0.50
Total 307,201 25 ±0
Valid votes 307,201 86.51 –13.19
Invalid votes 47,908 13.49 +13.19
Votes cast / turnout 355,109 61.76 –5.86
Abstentions 219,875 36.72 +5.86
Registered voters 574,984
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

2005 regional election

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Summary of the 17 April 2005 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party–Basque Solidarity (PNV–EA) 148,884 38.02 –6.31 10 –2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 78,871 20.14 +4.01 5 +1
Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK)1 70,834 18.09 +2.97 5 +1
People's Party (PP) 51,780 13.22 –4.82 3 –1
United Left–Greens (EB–B)2 20,388 5.21 +0.04 1 ±0
Aralar (Aralar) 15,396 3.93 New 1 +1
Greens–Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (B–PACMA) 1,333 0.34 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 621 0.16 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 500 0.13 –0.14 0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 136 0.03 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,851 0.73 –0.07
Total 391,594 25 ±0
Valid votes 391,594 99.70 +0.13
Invalid votes 1,182 0.30 –0.13
Votes cast / turnout 392,776 67.62 –11.06
Abstentions 188,124 32.38 +11.06
Registered voters 580,900
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

2001 regional election

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Summary of the 13 May 2001 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party–Basque Solidarity (PNV–EA)1 203,445 44.33 +8.69 12 +2
People's Party (PP)2 82,792 18.04 +1.49 4 ±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 74,042 16.13 +0.09 4 ±0
Basque Citizens (EH) 69,409 15.12 –10.09 4 –3
United Left (IU/EB) 23,731 5.17 +0.58 1 +1
Humanist Party (PH) 1,252 0.27 +0.02 0 ±0
Carlist Party (EKA/PC) 310 0.07 New 0 ±0
Freedom (Askatasuna) 269 0.06 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,669 0.80 –0.61
Total 458,919 25 ±0
Valid votes 458,919 99.57 +0.03
Invalid votes 1,969 0.43 –0.03
Votes cast / turnout 460,888 78.68 +8.63
Abstentions 124,862 21.32 –8.63
Registered voters 585,750
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

1998 regional election

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Summary of the 25 October 1998 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Citizens (EH)1 103,057 25.21 +2.08 7 +1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 88,857 21.74 –0.56 6 ±0
People's Party (PP) 67,112 16.42 +4.54 4 +1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 65,548 16.04 –0.34 4 ±0
Basque Solidarity (EA) 56,821 13.90 –2.82 4 ±0
United Left (IU/EB) 18,744 4.59 –2.49 0 –2
Natural Law Party (PLN/LNA) 1,339 0.33 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1,009 0.25 New 0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 520 0.13 –0.13 0 ±0
Blank ballots 5,770 1.41 –0.74
Total 408,777 25 ±0
Valid votes 408,777 99.54 +0.09
Invalid votes 1,870 0.46 –0.09
Votes cast / turnout 410,647 70.05 +11.92
Abstentions 175,539 29.95 –11.92
Registered voters 586,186
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

1994 regional election

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Summary of the 23 October 1994 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Popular Unity (HB) 75,294 23.13 –0.45 6 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 72,602 22.30 +1.93 6 ±0
Basque Solidarity (EA) 54,426 16.72 –1.27 4 –1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))1 53,320 16.38 –11.45 4 –3
People's Party (PP) 38,677 11.88 +5.46 3 +2
United Left (IU/EB) 23,042 7.08 +6.07 2 +2
Alavese Unity (UA) 839 0.26 +0.22 0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (NPS)2 375 0.12 +0.08 0 ±0
Blank ballots 7,001 2.15 +1.29
Total 325,576 25 ±0
Valid votes 325,576 99.45 –0.14
Invalid votes 1,790 0.55 +0.14
Votes cast / turnout 327,366 58.13 –3.94
Abstentions 235,841 41.87 +3.94
Registered voters 563,207
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

1990 regional election

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Summary of the 28 October 1990 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Popular Unity (HB) 79,224 23.58 +1.97 6 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 68,457 20.37 +4.39 6 +2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 63,922 19.02 –0.92 5 –1
Basque Solidarity (EA) 60,449 17.99 –5.14 5 –1
Basque Country Left (EE) 29,596 8.81 –3.05 2 –1
People's Party (PP)1 21,556 6.42 +2.85 1 +1
United Left (IU/EB) 3,380 1.01 +0.67 0 ±0
Basque Country Greens (EHB) 1,242 0.37 New 0 ±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 1,181 0.35 New 0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1,175 0.35 –2.04 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 1,020 0.30 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 667 0.20 +0.08 0 ±0
Socialist Democracy (DS) 496 0.15 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 254 0.08 ±0.00 0 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League–Communist Movement (LKI–EMK) 230 0.07 New 0 ±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)2 144 0.04 –0.05 0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 134 0.04 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,891 0.86 +0.48
Total 336,018 25 ±0
Valid votes 336,018 99.59 +0.31
Invalid votes 1,367 0.41 –0.31
Votes cast / turnout 337,385 62.07 –7.06
Abstentions 206,204 37.93 +7.06
Registered voters 543,589
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:

1986 regional election

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Summary of the 30 November 1986 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Solidarity (EA) 85,905 23.13 New 6 +6
Popular Unity (HB) 80,255 21.61 +2.88 6 +1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 74,040 19.94 –2.11 6 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 59,339 15.98 –24.81 4 –7
Basque Country Left (EE) 44,030 11.86 +2.97 3 +1
People's Alliance–Liberal Party (AP–PL)1 13,258 3.57 –3.19 0 –1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 8,863 2.39 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 1,391 0.37 –0.55 0 ±0
United Left (IU/EB) 1,266 0.34 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)2 562 0.15 +0.08 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 457 0.12 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 325 0.09 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 307 0.08 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots3 1,406 0.38 –0.01
Total 371,404 25 ±0
Valid votes 371,404 99.28 –0.16
Invalid votes 2,676 0.72 +0.16
Votes cast / turnout 374,080 69.13 –0.24
Abstentions 167,030 30.87 +0.24
Registered voters 541,110
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:
  • 1 People's Alliance–Liberal Party results are compared to People's Coalition totals in the 1984 election.
  • 2 Republican Popular Unity results are compared to Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) totals in the 1984 election.
  • 3 The 1983 electoral law provided that blank ballots would not count as valid votes for the application of the 5 percent threshold in each district. However, this rule was not determinant in excluding any party from seat distribution during its time of application (the 1984 and 1986 elections). As a result, and for comparison purposes, blank ballots are shown here included within valid votes.

1984 regional election

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Summary of the 26 February 1984 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 144,684 40.79 +3.53 11 +2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 78,208 22.05 +8.29 6 +3
Popular Unity (HB) 66,443 18.73 +1.15 5 +1
Basque Country Left (EE) 31,538 8.89 –4.56 2 –1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–UL)1 23,994 6.76 +4.09 1 +1
Neighborhood Labor (Auzolan)2 4,989 1.41 –0.80 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 3,247 0.92 –2.10 0 ±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 252 0.07 New 0 ±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) — –7.56 0 –1
Blank ballots3 1,387 0.39 +0.12
Total 354,742 25 +5
Valid votes 354,742 99.44 +0.30
Invalid votes 2,001 0.56 –0.30
Votes cast / turnout 356,743 69.37 +11.40
Abstentions 157,488 30.63 –11.40
Registered voters 514,231
Sources[11][12]
Footnotes:
  • 1 People's Coalition results are compared to People's Alliance totals in the 1980 election.
  • 2 Auzolan results are compared to the combined totals of Communist Movement of the Basque Country and Revolutionary Communist League in the 1980 election.
  • 3 The 1983 electoral law provided that blank ballots would not count as valid votes for the application of the 5 percent threshold in each district. However, this rule was not determinant in excluding any party from seat distribution during its time of application (the 1984 and 1986 elections). As a result, and for comparison purposes, blank ballots are shown here included within valid votes.

1980 regional election

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Summary of the 9 March 1980 Basque Parliament election results in Guipúzcoa
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 111,411 37.26 n/a 9 n/a
People's Unity (HB) 52,559 17.58 n/a 4 n/a
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 41,148 13.76 n/a 3 n/a
Basque Country Left (EE) 40,210 13.45 n/a 3 n/a
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 22,598 7.56 n/a 1 n/a
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 9,017 3.02 n/a 0 n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 7,975 2.67 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK/MCE) 4,508 1.51 n/a 0 n/a
Basque Socialists' Unity Force (ESEI) 3,571 1.19 n/a 0 n/a
Revolutionary Communist League (LKI/LCR) 2,092 0.70 n/a 0 n/a
Workers' Party of the Basque Country (ORT–PTE) 1,318 0.44 n/a 0 n/a
Carlist Party (EKA/PC) 1,289 0.43 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Unity (UC) 546 0.18 n/a 0 n/a
Blank ballots 797 0.27 n/a
Total 299,039 20 n/a
Valid votes 299,039 99.14 n/a
Invalid votes 2,579 0.86 n/a
Votes cast / turnout 301,618 57.97 n/a
Abstentions 218,698 42.03 n/a
Registered voters 520,316
Sources[11][12]

Notes

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  1. ^ From 2023.
  2. ^ Until 2023.

References

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  1. ^ "Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Población por provincias y por sexo". ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Elecciones al Parlamento del País Vasco y al Parlamento de Galicia del 12 de julio de 2020" (PDF). www.ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b Ley Orgánica 3/1979, de 18 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía para el País Vasco (Organic Law 3) (in Spanish). 18 December 1979. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Ley 28/1983, de 25 de noviembre, de Elecciones al Parlamento Vasco (Law 28) (in Spanish). 25 November 1983. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Ley 5/1990, de 15 de junio, de Elecciones al Parlamento Vasco (Law 5) (in Spanish). 15 June 1990. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  6. ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  7. ^ Araque Conde, Pilar (8 June 2022). "El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero". Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  8. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  9. ^ Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  10. ^ Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5) (in Spanish). 19 June 1985. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Election Results Archive". euskadi.eus (in Spanish). Basque Government. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Basque Parliament elections since 1980". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 9 May 2024.

43°10′N 2°10′W / 43.167°N 2.167°W / 43.167; -2.167

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