Girolamo Piromalli (October 7, 1918 – February 11, 1979), also known as Mommo, was an Italian criminal and member of the 'Ndrangheta. He was capobastone (head of command) of the Piromalli 'ndrina based in his hometown Gioia Tauro on the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria.
Girolamo Piromalli | |
|---|---|
 Mugshot of Girolamo Piromalli in 1974 | |
| Born | October 7, 1918 Gioia Tauro, Italy |
| Died | February 11, 1979 (aged 60) Gioia Tauro, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Other names | Mommo |
| Relatives | Giuseppe Piromalli (brother) Giuseppe Piromalli (nephew) |
| Allegiance | 'Ndrangheta |
'Ndrangheta boss
editMommo Piromalli ruled the most powerful 'Ndrangheta group in the Gioia Tauro plain with his younger brother Giuseppe "Peppe" Piromalli. The Piromalli 'ndrina contained more than 200 members.[1]
Before becoming one of the most feared criminal power brokers in the Gioia Tauro plain, Mommo Piromalli was a cowherd.[2] In 1939 he was charged with illegal carriage of firearms, in 1940 for grievous bodily harm, in 1944 for robbery with violence and in 1950 for murder.[3] In 1967, the court imposed a five-year mandatory internal banishment (soggiorno obbligato) to remove Piromalli from his home town and criminal associates.[4]
Together with Antonio Macrì from Siderno on the Ionic coast and Domenico Mico Tripodo, the boss of the city of Reggio Calabria and the surrounding areas, the Piromalli brothers formed a sort of triumvirate since the beginning of the 1960s until the outbreak of the First 'Ndrangheta war in the mid-1970s. Their senior position was recognized by all other heads of 'Ndrangheta families and their advice was in most cases followed without protest.[5]
Establishing the Santa
editMommo Piromalli and the bosses of several other families established La Santa at the end of the 1960s. In the same time, he was initiated in the Italian Freemasonry.[6][7][8]
They were eager to modify the traditional rules of the 'Ndrangheta in order to be able to get access to contracts for public works in the region and start illegal activities such as drug trafficking, which were prohibited by the traditional code but promised to be very profitable. Through the membership of covert Masonic lodges the 'Ndrangheta bosses were able to contact law enforcement authorities, judges and politicians that were necessary to access public work contracts.[9][10][11]
According to Gaetano Costa (the former chief of the Messina Mafia family turned state witness), "it was Mommo Piromalli who – given the enormous interests which the existed in the Reggio Calabria area (the railroad stump, the steelwork center, and the port in Gioia Tauro, etc.) – entrusted himself with the rank of santista, in order to assert his higher authority and hence directly control the public works. He said that this rank had been given him directly in Toronto, where there was a very important 'ndrina."[9]
These innovations and the new institution of La Santa were opposed by the more traditionalist bosses such as Antonio Macrì and Domenico Tripodo. Only at the end of the so-called First 'Ndrangheta war, which took place in 1974-76 and led to the deaths of Macrì and Tripodo as well as the rise of Piromalli and the De Stefano brothers as the new leaders of the Reggio Calabria 'ndrine, was the new institution fully recognized.[9]
In 1973, Piromalli was charged of heroin trafficking when an undercover operation by the US Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) targeting Saverio Mammoliti revealed that Mammoliti needed permission of Macrì and "Don Mommo" Piromalli.[4][12][13]
Getty kidnap
editPiromalli was one of the men charged with the kidnap of John Paul Getty III on July 10, 1973, in Rome.[14] The ransom initially demanded was $17 million (equivalent to $117 million in 2023[15]) for his safe return. However, the family suspected a ploy by the rebellious teenager to extract money from his miserly grandfather.[16] John Paul Getty Jr. asked his father J. Paul Getty for the money, but was refused, arguing that his 13 other grandchildren could also become kidnap targets if he paid.[17]
In November 1973, an envelope containing a lock of hair and a human ear arrived at a daily newspaper. The second demand had been delayed three weeks by an Italian postal strike.[16] The demand threatened that Paul would be further mutilated unless the victims paid $3.2 million. The demand stated "This is Paul's ear. If we don't get some money within 10 days, then the other ear will arrive. In other words, he will arrive in little bits."[16]
When the kidnappers finally reduced their demands to $3 million, Getty agreed to pay no more than $2.2 million (equivalent to $15.1 million in 2023[15]), the maximum that would be tax-deductible. He lent his son the remaining $800,000 at four percent interest. Getty's grandson was found alive on December 15, 1973, in a Lauria filling station, in the province of Potenza, shortly after the ransom was paid.[18]
Nine men had been arrested, including Piromalli, in Gioia Tauro on March 23, 1974.[19][20] In September 1974, he evaded from a clinic in Rome where he had been transferred to receive treatment for an ulcer. He was arrested again in October 1975 in Rome, where he had a lunch meeting with Paolo De Stefano and Pasquale Condello. Piromalli was in possession of banknotes that could be traced to the Getty kidnap.[21] Two were convicted and sent to prison.[14] The others, including Piromalli and Mammoliti, were acquitted for lack of evidence; Piromalli was acquitted in July 1976.[22][23] The ransom was used to buy the trucks needed to establish a transport monopoly in the construction of the Gioia Tauro port.[24]
Business
editTogether with his brother Peppe Piromalli, Mommo redirected the 'Ndrangheta clan from its rural base to an entrepreneurial criminal organisation assuming dominance over several public works in the Gioia Tauro area, particularly in the construction and operation of the new container seaport.[25]
When in 1974 businesses involved in the expansion of the port and steelworks in Gioia Tauro offered a three per cent kickback to be left in peace the three leading 'Ndrangheta families at the time, Antonio Macrì, the Piromalli clan and the De Stefano clan rejected the offer and wanted to be sub-contracted on work carried in order to control the project.[26][27]
The 'Ndrangheta exploited the construction of the steelworks until the project was abandoned when the government decided there was no economic base for it. In 1977 disagreements about business interests emerged between Piromalli and the De Stefano clan. A hit squad headed by Peppe Piromalli killed Giorgio De Stefano. Some 1,000 people were killed in clan wars over the construction contracts.[28]
On February 11, 1979, Mommo Piromalli died of cirrhosis of the liver in a prison hospital in Gioia Tauro.[29] He was succeeded as head of the clan by his younger brother Giuseppe "Peppe" Piromalli.[20][30] Piromalli also had contacts with Sicilian Mafiosi such as Angelo La Barbera and Stefano Bontate.[4]
References
edit- ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 31.
- ^ Arlacchi, Mafia Business, p. 51.
- ^ Arlacchi, Mafia Business, p. 20.
- ^ a b c (in Italian) Esposizione introduttiva del Pubblico ministero nel processo nei confronti di Giulio Andreotti, Direzione Distrettuale Antimafia Palermo, 1994, pp. 102-103.
- ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 60.
- ^ "Presenza mafiosa e riutilizzo dei beni confiscati nella piana di Gioia Tauro: una proposta di analisi" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (pdf) on December 29, 2009.
- ^ ^Mario Guarin, Poteri segreti. L'intreccio inconfessabile tra 'ndrangheta, massoneria e apparati dello stato, Bari: Edizioni Dedalo, 2004, series Strumenti/scenari (n. 40). OCLC 54662275, ISBN 8822053400.
- ^ Nicola Gratteri, Antonio Nicaso, Fratelli di sangue. Storie di boss e affari dell'ndrangheta, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2009.
- ^ a b c Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 115.
- ^ (in Italian) Guarino, Poteri segreti e criminalità, pp. 14-15.
- ^ "'Ndrangheta 2005" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2007., Nisio Palmieri, Dossier della Fondazione Cesar e dell’Associazione Sicurstrada per conto della Consulta Nazionale dei Consigli Regionali Unipol Assicurazioni.
- ^ Arlacchi, Mafia Business, p. 152.
- ^ (in Italian) Gratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di Sangue, p. 165.
- ^ a b "Catching the Kidnapers", Time, January 28, 1974.
- ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Sir Paul Getty (obituary)". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. April 17, 2003. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ^ "Profile: Sir John Paul Getty II". BBC News. London, England. June 13, 2001. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ^ "Il rapimento di Paul Getty". Il Post (in Italian). July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ^ "Getty Case Suspect Arrested in Italy", The New York Times, March 23, 1974.
- ^ a b (in Italian) Gratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di Sangue, pp. 152-153.
- ^ (in Italian) Preso Piromalli, boss mafioso col denaro del riscatto, La Stampa, October 18, 1975.
- ^ "2 Getty Kidnappers Sentenced in Italy", The New York Times, July 30, 1976.
- ^ "J. Paul Getty III, 54, Dies; Had Ear Cut Off by Captors", The New York Times, February 7, 2011.
- ^ Arlacchi, Mafia Business, p. 87.
- ^ (in Italian) Gioia Tauro: boss Giuseppe Piromalli, 84 anni, muore agli arresti, Giornale di Calabria, February 21, 2005.
- ^ Arlacchi, Mafia Business, p. 106.
- ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 168.
- ^ Spotts & Wieser, Italy, a Difficult Democracy, p. 188.
- ^ Dickie, Mafia Republic: Italy's Criminal Curse, p. 140.
- ^ Paoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 49.
- Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business: The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-285197-7
- Dickie, John (2013). Mafia Republic: Italy's Criminal Curse. Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta and Camorra from 1946 to the Present, London: Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-1444726435
- (in Italian) Gratteri, Nicola & Antonio Nicaso (2006). Fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza: Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8
- (in Italian) Guarino, Mario (2004). Poteri segreti e criminalità. L'intreccio inconfessabile tra 'ndrangheta, massoneri a apparati dello stato, Bari: Edizioni Dedalo ISBN 88-220-5340-0
- Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
- (in Italian) Sciarrone, Rocco (1998). Mafie vecchie, mafie nuove: Radicamento ed espansione, Rome: Donzelli Editore ISBN 88-7989-435-8
- Spotts, Frederic & Theodor Wieser (1986), Italy, a Difficult Democracy: A Survey of Italian Politics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31511-5