Giwargis I (Classical Syriac: ܓܝܘܪܓܝܣ ܩܕܡܝܐ) was patriarch of the Church of the East from 661 to 680.
Sources
editBrief accounts of Giwargis's patriarchate are given in the Ecclesiastical Chronicle of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (floruit 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari (twelfth-century), [ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help)Amr (fourteenth-century) and Sliba (fourteenth-century); also, in veiled and biased form, John bar Penkaye (fl. late 680s).
A fuller account of the reign of Giwargis, describing in detail his quarrel with the metropolitan Giwargis of Nisibis, who opposed his election, is given by Thomas of Marga in his Book of Governors. Thomas drew on a lost ecclesiastical history of the Church of the East written by Athqen, a monk of the monastery of Mar Abraham on Mount Izla.[1]
Giwargis held a synod at Dairin in Beth Qatraye in 676 to reconcile the bishops of Beth Qatraye with the metropolitan of Fars. The acts of this synod have survived, and their Syriac text was published with a French translation in J. B. Chabot's Synodicon Orientale (Paris, 1902).
Giwargis's patriarchate
editThe following account of Giwargis's patriarchate is given by Bar Hebraeus:
At that time there died [[Ishoyahb III|Isho[ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help)yahb III]], the catholicus of the Nestorians, who was succeeded at Seleucia by his disciple Giwargis. He made a tour of the regions, anxious to restore ecclesiastical matters, while his enemies accused him to the emir of the Arabs of touring the regions to collect money. The emir therefore demanded money from him, and when he refused to give it, and did not give it even after suffering torture and imprisonment, the indignant emir destroyed many churches at [ʿ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help)Aqula and throughout the region of Hirta. In the time of Giwargis the doctor Yohannan, bishop of Beth Waziq, cut off his members after he was accused of fornication, and was then condemned all the more and deposed.[2]
Also of his time, John bar Penkaye wrote:
"This period of calm was to us the cause of so much weakness, that there happened to us what happened to the Israelites, of whom it is said: “Israel has grown fat and lazy, he has become fat and wealthy, he has abandoned the God who made him, and despised the strong one that saved him.” The westerners, it is true, clung tightly to their sacrilegious (faith), but we who believe we adhere to the true faith, we were so far from the works of Christians, that if one of the former had risen and had seen us, he would have had been dizzy and said: “this is not the faith in which I died.”"[3]
Bar Penkaye specifically hits "the leaders" under Muawiyah - which can only be Giwargis - for arrogance, for greed, for gluttony, for involvement in politics, and for bribing the secular authorities (also applicable to Ishoyahb III).
Signatories
edit| Name | Province | Modern Location |
|---|---|---|
| Gīwargīs | Patriarchate of Salīq-Qṭēspōn (Seleucia-Ctesiphon) | Al-Mada'in |
| T'ōmā | Metropolitan of Bēṯ Qaṭrāyē | Qatar |
| Īšo'yaḇ | Bishop of Dairīn | Tarout |
| Sargīs | Bishop of Ṭīrhān | Tikrit |
| Isṭapānōs | Bishop of Bēṯ Mazunāyē | Oman |
| Pusai | Bishop of Haggar | Al Hajar Mountains |
| Šāhīn | Bishop of Ḥattā | Hatta |
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Thomas of Marga, Book of Governors (ed. Wallis Budge), ii. 179–89
- ^ Bar Hebraeus, Ecclesiastical Chronicle (ed. Abeloos and Lamy), ii. 130–2
- ^ [Rish Melle 15 | http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/john_bar_penkaye_history_15_trans.htm], translated Alphonse Mingana 1907, Sebastian Brock 1987, and Roger Pearse 2010
Bibliography
edit- Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J., Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum (3 vols, Paris, 1877)
- Assemani, J. A., De Catholicis seu Patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum (Rome, 1775)
- Brooks, E. W., Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum (Rome, 1910)
- Chabot, Jean-Baptiste (1902). Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens (PDF). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
- Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus (Rome, 1896)
- Gismondi, H., Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina (Rome, 1899)
- Wallis Budge, E. A., The Book of Governors: The Historia Monastica of Thomas, Bishop of Marga, AD 840 (London, 1893)