Gnomoniopsis castaneae (synonym Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi) is a fungus of the order Diaporthales[2] that is the most important cause of brown chestnut rot,[3] an emerging disease[4] that damages the fruit of chestnuts. It also causes cankers and necrosis on leaves and on chestnut galls caused by the gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus.[5] It has been observed to cause cankers in chestnut wood.[6] Additionally, it can cause cankers on other chestnut species, red oak, hazelnut trees, less severe damage to some nut trees, and lives as an endophyte on other nut trees.[7][8] The disease has been reported in Europe, Oceania, and has recently been found in North America;[9] for this reason, the fungus is considered a potential threat to the reintroduction of the American chestnut.[10][11]
| Gnomoniopsis castaneae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Diaporthales |
| Family: | Gnomoniaceae |
| Genus: | Gnomoniopsis |
| Species: | G. castaneae
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gnomoniopsis castaneae Tamietti (2012)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
In brown chestnut rot, Gnomoniopsis castaneae infects the kernel of the nut with browning and necrosis of endosperm and embryo. Brown chestnut rot is expressed cryptically with apparently healthy nuts found after harvest to exhibit internal rot. The fungus is believed to initially establish endophyte colonization of chestnut tissues, only becoming pathogenic with ripening of the nuts. Early on, parasitized nuts are difficult to distinguish from good nuts, rot only being detected when processed or eaten. The route of infection is uncertain but is believed to be either infection of chestnut flowers by ascospores or conidia or by inoculum entrance through shell defects. The fungus persists as a saprophyte in duff, such as burs, fallen leaves and other residua, which act as the reservoir for formation of perithecia with eventual release of spores. The nature of the transfer of inoculum and dispersal in time and space and the effect of climate is unknown.[12]
The fungus also kills the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus and has been proposed as a potential natural biocontrol agent against insect pests, based on studies of its effect on Plodia interpunctella and Trogoderma granarium.[13] Exposure of the fungus to the commercial biofungicide Serenade® ASO (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST 713; ASO) induced the fungus to produce the mycotoxins 3-nitropropionic acid and diplodiatoxin. Exposure of the fungus to the chemical fungicide Horizon® (tebuconazole; HOR) induced the fungus to produce diplodiatoxin. These mycotoxins might present a health hazard to human consumers of chestnuts treated with these fungicides.[14]
In a chestnut orchard context, strategies for managing Gnomoniopsis castaneae infections include aggressive pruning of infected branches, maintaining tree health via proper hydration and nutrient provision so as to improve resistance, and fungicide application when necessary. Since this fungus can spread through spores, proper sanitation and disposal of infected plant material are also crucial to limit its spread.
References
edit- ^ Gnomoniopsis castaneae in MycoBank.
- ^ Jiang, Ning; Voglmayr, Hermann; Bian, Dan-Ran; Piao, Chun-Gen; Wang, Sheng-Kun; Li, Yong (24 September 2021). "Morphology and Phylogeny of Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) from Fagaceae Leaves in China". Journal of Fungi. 7 (10): 792. doi:10.3390/jof7100792. PMC 8540803. PMID 34682214.
- ^ Visentin, Ivan, S. Gentile, Danila Valentino, Paolo Gonthier, and F. Cardinale. "Gnomoniopsis castanea sp. nov.(Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) as the causal agent of nut rot in sweet chestnut." Journal of Plant Pathology (2012): 411-419.
- ^ Lione, Guglielmo; Giordano, Luana; Sillo, Fabiano; Brescia, Francesca; Gonthier, Paolo (December 2021). "Temporal and spatial propagule deposition patterns of the emerging fungal pathogen of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castaneae in orchards of north-western Italy". Plant Pathology. 70 (9): 2016–2033. doi:10.1111/ppa.13451. hdl:2318/1817358.
- ^ Lema, Filipe; Baptista, Paula; Oliveira, Cristina; Ramalhosa, Elsa (21 March 2023). "Brown Rot Caused by Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi (syn. Gnomoniopsis castaneae) at the Level of the Chestnut Tree (Castanea sativa Mill.)". Applied Sciences. 13 (6): 3969. doi:10.3390/app13063969. hdl:10400.5/30284.
- ^ Pasche, Sabrina; Calmin, Gautier; Auderset, Guy; Crovadore, Julien; Pelleteret, Pegah; Mauch-Mani, Brigitte; Barja, François; Paul, Bernard; Jermini, Mauro; Lefort, François (February 2016). "Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi causes chestnut canker symptoms in Castanea sativa shoots in Switzerland". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 87: 9–21. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2016.01.002. PMID 26768710.
- ^ Dobry, Emily; Rutter, Michael; Campbell, Michael (25 May 2023). "The fungal pathogen Gnomoniopsis castaneae induces damaging cankers in multiple domestic Fagaceae species". Phytopathology. 113 (10): 1817–1821. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-12-22-0451-SC. PMID 37227197. S2CID 258889105.
- ^ Lione, G.; Danti, R.; Fernandez-Conradi, P.; Ferreira-Cardoso, J. V.; Lefort, F.; Marques, G.; Meyer, J. B.; Prospero, S.; Radócz, L.; Robin, C.; Turchetti, T.; Vettraino, A. M.; Gonthier, P. (March 2019). "The emerging pathogen of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castaneae: the challenge posed by a versatile fungus". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 153 (3): 671–685. Bibcode:2019EJPP..153..671L. doi:10.1007/s10658-018-1597-2. S2CID 254471695.
- ^ Dobry, Emily; Campbell, Michael (February 2023). "Gnomoniopsis castaneae : An emerging plant pathogen and global threat to chestnut systems". Plant Pathology. 72 (2): 218–231. doi:10.1111/ppa.13670.
- ^ Aglietti, Chiara; Cappelli, Alessio; Andreani, Annalisa (26 September 2022). "From Chestnut Tree (Castanea sativa) to Flour and Foods: A Systematic Review of the Main Criticalities and Control Strategies towards the Relaunch of Chestnut Production Chain". Sustainability. 14 (19): 12181. doi:10.3390/su141912181.
- ^ Robin, Cécile; Marchand, Marylise (2022). "Diseases of chestnut trees". Forest Microbiology. pp. 311–323. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-85042-1.00036-7. ISBN 978-0-323-85042-1.
- ^ Possamai, Guilherme; Dallemole-Giaretta, Rosangela; Gomes-Laranjo, José; Sampaio, Ana; Rodrigues, Paula (24 March 2023). "Chestnut Brown Rot and Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi: Characterization of the Causal Agent in Portugal". Journal of Fungi. 9 (4): 401. doi:10.3390/jof9040401. hdl:10198/28307. PMC 10143102. PMID 37108855.
- ^ Mantzoukas, Spiridon; Lagogiannis, Ioannis; Ntoukas, Aristeidis; Tziros, George T.; Poulas, Konstantinos; Eliopoulos, Panagiotis A.; Avtzis, Dimitrios Ν. (29 April 2021). "Could Gnomoniopsis castaneae Be Used as a Biological Control Agent against Insect Pests?". Applied Sciences. 11 (9): 4066. doi:10.3390/app11094066.
- ^ Álvarez, Micaela; Agostini, Isadora; Silva, Sofia; Dallemole-Giaretta, Rosangela; Sulyok, Michael; Sampaio, Ana; Rodrigues, Paula (30 May 2023). "Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites Are Produced by Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi When Confronted with Biological and Chemical Control Agents". Agriculture. 13 (6): 1166. doi:10.3390/agriculture13061166. hdl:10198/28560.