Gujari (also spelt Gojri, Gujri, or Gojari; گُوجَری) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by most of the Gujjars in the northern parts of India and Pakistan as well as in Afghanistan. It is a member of the Rajasthani group of languages.[2][3]
| Gujari | |
|---|---|
| Gojri, Gurjari, Gujjari | |
| |
 | |
| Native to | India, Pakistan, Afghanistan |
Native speakers | 1-2 million (2021)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Takri, Perso-Arabic script, Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gju |
| Glottolog | guja1253 |
In India, the language is spoken by 1.3 million people (as of 2011) in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, with ethnic Gujjars elsewhere having shifted to the regional languages instead. In Pakistan, there are an estimated 400,000 speakers (as of 2018) in Azad Kashmir, in Gilgit-Baltistan (Diamer and Gilgit districts), in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (the Hazara region, and northwest up to Chitral District), and in Rawalpindi District in northern Punjab. The population in Afghanistan is scattered, and numbers at 15,000 (according to a 2015 estimate).[4]
The government of the erstwhile Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir had recognized Gujari by including it in the sixth schedule of the state constitution.[5]
Literary traditions
editGujari folklore is very large, including songs, ballads and folktales, known as Dastans. Hundreds of folk songs have been recorded and published, including "Nooro", "Tajo", "Nura Beguma", "Shupiya", "Kunjhdi", "Mariyan".[6]
A modern tradition of creative writing encompasses poets such as Sain Qadar Bakhsh, Noon Poonchi, and others. Others such as Mian Nizam ud Din, Khuda Bakhsh Zar, Zabih Rajourvi, Shams ud Din Mehjoor Poonchi, Mian Bashir Ahmed, Javaid Rahi, Rafiq Anjum, Milki Ram Kushan, Sarwari Kassana, Naseem Poonchi have also made remarkable contributions to Gujari through poetry, prose and criticism.
Institutions and media
editAll India Radio and Doordarshan Kendra run various Gujari programmes. Radio Kashmir Jammu, Srinagar, Poonch in India and seven radio stations of Pakistan and PTV air Gujari programmes and news bulletins accepted across Jammu and Kashmir. Books have been published in Gujari, including encyclopedias, poetry, fiction and non-fiction, on topics including dictionaries, grammars, nature, folklore, art and architecture, agriculture, sociology and research.[7]
The National Academy of Letters, Sahitya Akademi, recognized Gujari as one of the major Indian languages for its National Award, Bhasha Samman, and other programmes. The Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts, Culture and Languages established a Gujari Department in its Central Office in the 1970s and published in Gujari. They organized seminars, conferences, etc. for the development of the Gujari Language. Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education made curriculum in Gujari up to Middle Standard for teaching Gujari in schools. The University of Jammu Council approved the opening of Gojri Research Centre in Jammu and University of Kashmir that have been awarded doctorate degrees on completing research projects on the language. In Pakistan administered Kashmir, the Gujari Academy has been established and postgraduate studies departments were set up in various universities and regional research centers.
Revival
editIn lower or plain areas of Pakistan, Gujjars have a major concentration in districts like Islamabad, Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Layyah. However, due to the revolution of time, the majority of them have forgotten or stopped speaking Gujrai. Gojri Bahali Programme (Gojri Revival Programme) has been launched in these areas to encourage Gujjars to restart speaking Gujari. Though this programme has a particular focus on these areas, it extends to the whole of Pakistan. Under this programme, Gujjars are being persuaded to readopt Gujari as their mother language. They are also being asked to mention it in the mother language column of various forms at educational institutions; when applying for computerised national identity card; and while filling out their particulars when seeking employment. Under this programme, the federal government will be asked to add Gujari in the mother language column of the population census. Similarly, the University of Gujrat will be asked to set up Gojri Department. The programme is the initiative of Muhammad Afsar Khan, a Kunduana Gujjar from Chak Dina village in Gujrat district. Kunduanas are a branch of Khatana Gujjars and trace their descent from Kandu, a famous Gujjar who lived during the reign of Mughal King Akbar or immediately before him in Gujrat district. His grave survives to date in Makiana village in Gujrat tehsil.[8]
Bibliography
editDictionaries
edit- Gojri Dictionary (six volumes)
- Concise Gojri Dictionary
- Hindi- Gojri Dictionary
- Folk-Lore Dictionary (two volumes)
- Hindi- Gojri Dictionary
- Gojri English Dictionary
Books
edit- Gojri Lok Geet (2018)
- Gujjar Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir (2015)
- The Gujjars vol 1 to 6 (2013–16)
- Qadeem Gojri Lughat (2013)
- The Gujjar Tribe of J&K (2012)
- Gojri Grammer (2012)
- Tagore ki Chunam Shairi (2011)
- Jammu Kashmir ke Qabaila-aur-unki Zubanein (in Urdu, 2010)
- Gujjar Tarekh (2009)
- Anjum Shanasi Biography (2007)
- Sajra Phull (Hakeem) (2007)
- Peehng (Mukhlis) (2007)
- Gujjar Shanakhat Ka Safar (in Urdu, 2005)
- Akhan Gojri Quotations (2004)
- Gojri Kahawat Kosh Gojri Quotations (2004)
- Gujjar Aur Gojri (2004)
- Encyclopedia of Himalayan Gujjars (encyclopaedia in multiple volumes, 2000)[9]
- Gojri Books
- Sajar Boot (book series)
- Gujari: Gwjry Syrt Alnby Ṣly Allh ʿlyh Wslm(lškār Mḥmd) Mṣnf Mfty Mḥmd Adrys Wly Hswāl Gwjr
- The Gujjars Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir[10]
- Lok-Virso (1999)
Journals
editReferences
edit- ^ Gujari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Gojri And Its Relationship With Rajasthani, Etc.
- ^ Dr. R.P. Khatana. "Gujari Language and Identity in Jammu and Kashmir". Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ^ Gujari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ In Jammu and Kashmir, Gujari is written right-to-left in an extension of the Persian alphabet, which is itself an extension of the Arabic alphabet. Gujari is associated with the Nastaʿlīq style of Persian calligraphy - http://jktribals.page.tl/Gojri-Language.htm Archived 26 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, http://www.merinews.com/article/writers-in-jk-seek-constitutional-safeguards-for-gojri/129813.shtml Archived 26 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rahi, Dr Javaid. "The Gujjars - Vol: 01 a Book on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe : Ed Javaid Rahi".
- ^ "Give more airtime to Gojri programmes, urge Gujjars".
- ^ "Gojri: The language that's spoken but rarely read". 21 July 2018.
- ^ "Life Story: Javaid Rahi, cultural activist, writer – The Dispatch". 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ^ "Of a Gujjar Scholar and Social activist". Daily Excelsior. 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Gojri Books of Javaid Rahi published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages". viaf.org.
- ^ "Why I Gurjar Desh Charitable Trust Jammu -Gojri Books by Dr Javaid Rahi". viaf.org.
Further reading
edit- 1992: Rensch, Calvin R., Hindko and Gujari - National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 305 pp. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
- 2012: Javaid Rahi, The Gujjar Tribe of Jammu & Kashmir -Gulshan Books, Srinagar J&K 190001, 305 pp. ISBN 81-8339-103-6.
External links
edit
- Dr. R.P. Khatana. Gujari Language and Identity in Jammu and Kashmir.
- Gojri Language Textbook for Class1
- Gojri Language Textbook for Class2
- Gojri Language Textbook for Class3
- Gojri Language Textbook for Class4
- Gojri Language Textbook for Class5
- Gojri Language Textbook for Class6
- Gojri Language Textbook for Class8