The extensive use of gold during early Philippine history is well-documented, both in the archeological record and in the various written accounts from precolonial and early Spanish colonial times.[1] Gold was used throughout the Philippine archipelago in various decorative and ceremonial items, as clothing, and also as currency.[2]
Gold was readily available throughout the Philippine archipelago,[3]: 309 and gold items were valued as symbols of power and markers of elite status,[3]: 299 although studies of grave artifacts suggest that these items were not as valued in precolonial Philippines as traded ornaments were.[3]: 308 Gold was plentiful enough that local elites did not feel the need to acquire large amounts of it, and only sought it as the need arose, by trading with settlements which produced it through low intensity mining.[3]: 309
Among the most prominent sites for gold mining in early Philippine history were Aringay-Tonglo-Balatok trade route covering the Cordillera Mountain Range and the Lingayen gulf towns of Agoo and Aringay;[4] the mines of Paracale on the Bicol Peninsula which were a major source of gold for the trading centers of the Visayan islands, particularly Panay and Cebu;[5][6] and the Butuan-Surigao area, particularly along the Agusan river on the island of Mindanao, which made Butuan (historical polity) an important trading center.
Sources and documentation
editScholarly information about the use of gold in early Philippine history comes mostly from artifacts that have been discovered in various sites in the Philippines, and from historical accounts from the early Spanish colonial period. Archeological excavation sites include ones in Batangas, Mindoro, Luzon, Samar, Butuan and Surigao.[7]
Prominent gold mining sites
editGold mined from the Cordillera Mountain Range were brought down to the coast through the Aringay-Tonglo-Balatok gold trail,[6][8] making commercial trade centers out of Aringay and the neighboring settlement of Agoo,[6] whose coast at the time was shaped in such a way that it was a good harbor for foreign vessels coming into Lingayen Gulf.[9][4] On the island of Mindanao, gold was mined along the Agusan River[8]: 164 in the Butuan-Surigao area[10] and extensively worked in the Butuan polity located at the mouth of the Agusan River.[11]
Significant discoveries
editMany discoveries of precolonial gold artifacts go unreported because the gold is found or stolen by treasure hunters, who simply melt the gold down for profit.[12] Among the most important gold artifact discoveries are the "Surigao Treasure" found by construction worker Berto Morales in 1991,[12] the Agusan image found by Manobo woman Belay Campos in 1917,[13] the Bolinao Skull discovered by the National Museum of the Philippines at the Balingasay Archaeological Site in Bolinao, Pangasinan,and the Oton Death Mask excavated rom San Antonio, Iloilo on Panay Island by a team from the National Museum of the Philippines and the University of the Philippines Diliman in the 1960s.[14]
Uses of Gold
editJewelry and Clothing
editUpon first arriving in the Philippine archipelago, landing specifically in the visayas, Spanish colonizers noted astonishing amounts of gold in common use, including earrings, armbands legbands, gold chains, collars of beads, wristlets, armlets, finger rings, and so on.[8]: 32 They were also integrated into clothing as sequins,[8]: 32 as clasps or buttons for cloaks[8]: 31 or as broaches.[8]: 32
Decorative dentistry
editGoldwork used as decorative dentistry was referred to in the Visayas as "pusad," and was noted by some of the earliest colonial era chroniclers, including Antonio Pigafetta and Fray Andres de Urdaneta. The practice is also commonly referenced in Mindanaoan epic poetry such as the Ulahingan of the Manobo people. Pegs called Bansil were inserted into holes drilled into the tooth, with the visible tip being either simple dot-shape, designed as a collection of overlapping scales, or intricate designs reminiscent of filigree. They were made more visible in light of the practice of staining teeth either black or bright red.[8]: 19
Religious items
editNumerous gold artifacts recovered in the Philippines are believed to have ceremonial purposes. Some of these figures indicate the Hindu and Buddhist influence which came to the Philippines through regional trade in maritime southeast asia, while others reflect nature-based religious beliefs.[15]
A notable artifact reflecting indigenous beliefs depicts what has been described as "the large, triangular face of a woman drawn in sharp lines with little shoulders and arms raised in a gesture of worship."[15]
Visayan indigenous healing beliefs are likewise reflected in a particular variant of kamagi necklaces known as "tunga," which were snake-like in shape and made of “half gold and half tumbaga” gears strung together. These were believed to protect the wearer from the "folk illness" known as pasma.[16]
Other notable ceremonial artifacts include: the Agusan Image which depicts a female Hindu or Buddhist deity whose identity is disputed,[17] and the gold kinnari, which shows a mythical half-human half-bird figure common in hindu and buddhist parts of Maritime Southeast Asia.[15]
Death masks and burial goods
editAside from decorative dentistry which they wore in life and carried the grave with them, ranking datus were often buried with items of gold, either in the form of gold burial goods, or as specifically designed funerary art such as death masks.[3]
Burial goods found in graves from early Philippine history includes various beads earrings rings pendants, combs, strips, and other ornaments.[3]: 309
Another gold feature commonly discovered in elite burials from early historic Philippines are death mask artifacts, meant to cover either part or all of the deceased's face in the grave[18]
When this practice was discovered by the Spanish colonizers, they created a rule that a government representative should always be present whenever the Spanish settlers dug up a grave - so that the Spanish government could get its designated 1/5 of the dug up goods.[8]
Burial goods are among the most common surviving gold artifacts in the Philippines because gold which was not buried was typically eventually reforged into other forms as the colonial period proceeded.[8]
Other uses
editAccounts of early Spanish colonizers also noted the use of gold as spear decorations in the visayas.[8]: 32
As currency
editAside from use as decorative or utilitarian objects, gold was used throughout the Philippine archipelago as currency, whether in the form of gold dust, small beads, or barter rings.[8]
Piloncitos
editModern day antique collectors have since coined the term "Piloncitos" to describe the small "bead-like" pieces of gold which were used as currency in Precolonial Philippines,[2] comparing the cone-shaped pieces to a pilon of sugar.[2] Early historical descriptions of the term include the Spanish "granitas de oro" (small grains of gold), or simply by whatever local language terms were used to mean "gold" in those times, such as "bulawan."[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Philippine Gold: Treasures of Forgotten Kingdoms". Asia Society. Archived from the original on 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
- ^ a b c "'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'". 30 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f BARRETTO-TESORO, Grace. Burial Goods in the Philippines: An Attempt to Quantify Prestige Values https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/41/3/41_KJ00000434305/_pdf
- ^ a b Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The History of Agoo: 1578-2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.
- ^ Estrella, Victor (2016). "The death of gold in early Visayan societies: ethnohistoric accounts and archaeological evidences". Hukay: Journal for Archaeological Research in Asia and the Pacific. 20: 19–46.
- ^ a b c Panela, Shaira (2017-03-19). "Looking into the past through the eyes of the future". Rappler. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
- ^ "Classical Gold and Pottery from the Pre-Colonial Period". Metropolitan Museum of Manila. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Scott, William (1974). The Discovery of the Igorots. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 9711000873.
- ^ Mendoza-Cortes, Rosario (1974). Pangasinan, 1572-1800. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
- ^ "Gold Figure".
- ^ The goldworking sub-assemblage from Butuan, northeast Mindanao, Philippines: the archaeological record. VP Estrella. Proceedings of the Society of Philippine Archaeologists 8, 17-34
- ^ a b "A Golden Discovery in the Philippines".
- ^ Hontiveros, Greg (2004). Butuan of a thousand years. Butuan City Historical & Cultural Foundation. p. 21. ISBN 978-971-8860-02-1. OCLC 60754261.
It was found in 1917 by a Manobo woman along the banks of Wawa River, not far from its confluence with Agusan River, in Esperanza, Agusan del Sur.
- ^ "Century-old prison is now a museum". BusinessWorld. 19 April 2018.
- ^ a b c "Archived copy". www.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Gold in ancient Visayas | Cebu Daily News". cebudailynews.inquirer.net. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ Francisco, Juan R. (1963). "A Note on the Golden Image of Agusan". Philippine Studies. 11 (3): 390–400. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42719871.
The question of its identification is still undecided.
- ^ "Funerary Ornaments | Philippines | the Met". www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "HISTORY OF DAVAO – Currencies of the Lumads". 11 November 2015.