Aenigmachanna gollum, the Gollum snakehead, is a species of aquifer-dwelling dragon snakehead fish that is endemic to the Indian state of Kerala.[2]
| Aenigmachanna gollum | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anabantiformes |
| Family: | Aenigmachannidae |
| Genus: | Aenigmachanna |
| Species: | A. gollum
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| Binomial name | |
| Aenigmachanna gollum | |
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Description
editA. gollum has an elongated, eel-like body coloured mostly brown and beige. Its fins are long and transparent, with the dorsal fin stretching for about three-quarters of its body length, and the anal fin stretching for more than half its body length. Its pectoral fin is large, while the pelvic fin is absent. Its tailfin is ovoid. Several large scales cover the top of the head. It has a reduced swim bladder.[2][3]
Unlike many stygofauna – which usually have reduced colouring and have poor or no vision – A. gollum has well-developed pigmentation and normally-sized eyes.[2][4]
Due to its reduced swim bladder, A. gollum cannot remain buoyant in water.[2] Like other snakehead fishes, it breathes air. It moves by undulating its fins, like an eel.[4]
Distribution and habitat
editA. gollum is known only from its type locality, a paddy field in Oorakam, Kerala, in the biodiverse Western Ghats; one other occurrence was reported in a well 250 km south of the type locality.[2] Its habitat in subterranean aquifers is threatened by about six million groundwater wells in the region, which lower the water table.[4]
Etymology
editA. gollum is named after the cave-dwelling character Gollum from J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings book series, as a reference to both A. gollum and Gollum being former surface-dwellers that evolved to adapt to the caves they lived in.[2][5][6] The genus Aenigmachanna was raised for the first time on discovery of A. gollum, with aenigma meaning "enigma" in Latin, and Channa being the generic name of Asian snakehead fishes.[2]
Taxonomy
edit
A. gollum was the first discovered species of the genus Aenigmachanna. The genus was first placed in the true snakehead fish family Channidae.[2]
A. gollum was placed in a separate genus because of significant physiological and genetic differences between itself and the other genera in Channidae - Parachanna and Channa. A. gollum has an unusually long dorsal fin, anal fin and vertebral column compared to Parachanna and Channa, and also has a more eel-like body. Unlike the other channids, it also lacks pored scales on the lateral line, which normally carry the lateral-line canal, and has more vertebrae lacking ribs. The other channids also have a longer swim bladder.[2][3][4]
In 2020, Aenigmachanna was placed in its own monotypic family, the Aenigmachannidae, or the dragon snakeheads.[3][7]
Discovery
editA. gollum was discovered as a result of the 2018 Kerala floods, when several individuals were washed out of their aquifer habitat and into a paddy field in Oorakam, where they were found and photographed by a resident of the village, who posted the pictures on social media. The pictures were noticed by Rajeev Raghavan from the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, who prompted a study into the species. It was described in 2019. It is the eighth species of fish known from the Kerala aquifers, indicating the presence of a large, hidden ecosystem in the hard-to-study habitat.[5]
See also
edit- Gollum (genus), another taxon of fish named after Gollum
References
edit- ^ ""Aenigmachanna gollum" IUCN Red List Of Threatened Species".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Raghavan, Rajeev; Dahanukar, Neelesh; Anoop, V. K.; Britz, Ralf (9 May 2019). "The subterranean Aenigmachanna gollum, a new genus and species of snakehead (Teleostei: Channidae) from Kerala, South India". Zootaxa. 4603 (2): 377–388. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4603.2.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 31717234. S2CID 164781147.
- ^ a b c Britz, Ralf; Dahanukar, Neelesh; Anoop, V. K.; Philip, Siby; Clark, Brett; Raghavan, Rajeev; Rüber, Lukas (30 September 2020). "Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16081. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1016081B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7527459. PMID 32999397.
- ^ a b c d "Dragon snakeheads—strange new underground fish—discovered in India". National Geographic. 19 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ a b "New species of subterranean fish named after The Lord of the Rings character". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ "'Precious' newly discovered subterranean fish named after The Lord of the Ring's Gollum". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Aenigmachanna gollum". FishBase. February 2021 version.