Gonio (Georgian: გონიოს ციხე, previously called Apsarus or Apsaros (Ancient Greek: Ἄψαρος)[1] and Apsyrtus or Apsyrtos (Ἄψυρτος)[2]) is a Roman fortification in Adjara, Georgia, on the Black Sea, 15 km south of Batumi, at the mouth of the Chorokhi river. The village sits 4 km north of the Turkish border. Its name was connected with the myth of Medea and her brother Absyrtus.[3]
 Aerial view of Gonio fortress | |
  Shown within Georgia | |
| Location | Adjara, Georgia |
|---|---|
| Region | Lazica |
| Coordinates | 41°34′23″N 41°34′25″E / 41.57306°N 41.57361°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | In ruins |
The oldest reference to the fortress is by Pliny the Elder[4] in the Natural History (1st century AD). There is also a reference to the ancient name of the site in Appian’s Mithridatic Wars[5] (2nd century AD). In the 2nd century AD it was a well-fortified Roman city within Colchis. The town was also known for its theatre and hippodrome. Procopius, writing in the 6th century, speaks of the remains of its public buildings as proving that it was once a place of some importance.[6]
It later came under Byzantine influence. The name "Gonio" is first attested in Michael Panaretos in the 14th century.[7] In addition, there was a short-lived Genoese trade factory at the site. In 1547, Gonio was taken by the Ottoman Empire, who held it until 1878, when, via the San-Stefano Treaty, Adjara became part of the Russian Empire. In the fall of 1647, according to Evliya Çelebi, Gonio was captured by a Cossack navy of 70 chaikas, but quickly recovered by Ghazi Sidi Ahmed, ruler of the Tortum sanjak, with a force of 1,000 Turks and 3,000 "Mingrelians".[8][9]
The grave of Saint Matthias, one of the twelve apostles, is believed to be inside the Gonio fortress. This is unverifiable as the Georgian government currently prohibits digging near the supposed graveside. Other archaeological excavations are however taking place on the grounds of the fortress, focusing on Roman layers.
Gonio is currently experiencing a tourism boom. Most tourists come from Tbilisi in the summer months to enjoy beaches that are generally regarded as cleaner than Batumi's beaches (located 15 km to the north).
Archaeological investigations
editFrom 1995, the Gornio-Apsarus archaeological expedition has carried out investigations at the Roman fort.[10] The Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw funded photogrammetric, topographical, and geophysical surveys of the site in 2012.[11]
Layout
editThe fortress is rectangular, and was built with four gates and 22 towers along the circuit of walls enclosing the site; 18 of the towers still survive.[12]
Further reading
edit- Radoslaw Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski: Apsaros. Early Headquarters Building (Principia). New Localization? In: Pro Georgia 26, 2016, S. 53-63.
- Shota Mamuladze: Recent archaeological finds in Apsarus. In: The Bosporus, Archaeopress, Oxford 2013, S. 355-361.
- Angelika Geyer (Hrsg.): Neue Forschungen in Apsaros, 2002–2002 (= Jenaer Forschungen in Georgien 1). Logos, Tbilissi 2003, ISBN 99940-762-9-9.
- Angelika Geyer, Shota Mamuladze: Gonio-Apsaros. 3. Georgisch-deutsche archäologische Expedition Gonio-Apsaros. Erster vorläufiger Bericht, Arbeiten im Jahre 2000. Logos, Tbilissi 2002
- Annegret Plontke-Lüning: Das Kastell Apsaros als Zentrum der Akkulturation im Ostschwarzmeergebiet in Kaiserzeit und Spätantike. In: Archaeologia Circumpontica 1 (2003), p. 13-15.
- Annegret Plontke-Lüning: Das römische Kastell Apsaros. In: Georgica 17 (1994), p. 23-28.
- Annegret Plontke-Lüning: Apsaros und der pontische Limes. In: La ciutat en el món romà. La ciudad en el mundo romano. 2. Comunicacions. 14 Congrés Internacional d'Arqueología Clàssica, Tarragona 1993, p. 336-337.
- Michael Alexander Speidel: The Caucasus Frontier. Second century garrisons at Apsarus, Petra and Phasis. In: Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms III, 13. Internationaler Limeskongress (Stuttgart 1986), p. 657-658.
Notes
edit- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A153.14
- ^ Periplus of the Euxine Sea, Arrian, § 7
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Ἀψυρτίδες.
- ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 6.4.
- ^ App. Mithr. 15.101.
- ^ Procopius, Bell. Goth. 4.2.
- ^ Panaretos, ch. 99. Greek text and English translation in Scott Kennedy, Two Works on Trebizond, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 52 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2019), p. 49
- ^ Çelebi, Evliya (1834). Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von (ed.). Narrative of travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in the Seventeenth Century, vol. 2. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 191–196.
- ^ Tivadze, Tamar (1977). "კაზაკების მიერ გონიოს ციხის აღების საკითხისათვის" [For the Cossack capture of Gonio Fortress]. Matsne (in Georgian). 1: 76–83.
- ^ Kakhidze, A.; Mamuladze, Sh; Inaishvili, N.; Tavamaishvili, G.; Khalvashi, Merab; Kakhidze, E.; Ebralidze, T.; Varshalomidze, I. (2002). "Recent archaeological finds in Gonio-Apsarus". Pont Euxin et commerce: La genèse de la "route de la soie". Actes du IXe Symposium de Vani (Colchide, 1999). 853 (1): 255.
- ^ Misiewicz, Krzysztof; Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, Radosław (2012). "Gonio (Georgia): non-invasive surveys of the Roman Fort of Asparos - season 2012" (PDF). Światowit: Rocznik poświęcony archeologii przeddziejowej i badaniom pierwotnej kultury polskiej i słowiańskiej. 10: 117–121.
- ^ Kakhidze, A.; Mamuladze, Sh.; Inaishvili, N.; Tavamaishvili, G.; Khalvashi, Merab; Kakhidze, E.; Ebralidze, T.; Varshalomidze, I. (2002). "Recent archaeological finds in Gonio-Apsarus". Pont Euxin et commerce: La genèse de la "route de la soie". Actes du IXe Symposium de Vani (Colchide, 1999). 853 (1): 251–262.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Apsarus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
References
edit
- Kakhidze, Emzar, Recent Archaeological Finds in Apsarus. Third International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities, 2005.