The Government Junta of Bolivia (Spanish: Junta de Gobierno), known from 21 June 1936 as the Military Government Junta (Spanish: Junta Militar de Gobierno),[1] was a civil-military junta which ruled Bolivia from 17 May 1936 through 28 May 1938.[2] It consisted of representatives of both the armed forces as well as the civilian sector, including moderate socialists and organized labor leaders. The President of the Junta was Colonel David Toro who came to power on 22 May 1936, six days after a coup d'état which overthrew the previous government. Toro presided over a reformist experiment known as Military Socialism for a little over a year before being overthrown himself in another coup d'état which allowed Lieutenant Colonel Germán Busch to succeed to lead the junta on 13 July 1937. The junta was dissolved on 28 May 1938 when the National Convention elected Busch Constitutional President of the Republic.[3]
Formation
editThe aftermath of Bolivia's defeat in the Chaco War against Paraguay saw a swelling of national dissatisfaction with the traditional government establishment which had ruled the country for decades. The culmination of months of labor union demonstrations and left-wing opposition came on 17 May 1936 when the military under Lieutenant Colonel Germán Busch, the Chief of the General Staff and head of the La Paz garrison, forced the resignation of President José Luis Tejada Sorzano in a bloodless coup.[4][5]
Following the coup, a civil-military junta was established in the Palacio Quemado composed of representatives from the various military and civilian sectors which had perpetrated it. Representing the latter were the moderate socialists Florencio Candia, Gabriel Gosálvez and Enrique Baldivieso, the heads of the recently formed United Socialist Party (PSU). Also included was Pedro Zilveti who was a member of the Socialist Republican Party (PRS) which, despite having been one of the three traditional political parties, had in February switched sides and signed a pact with Baldivieso's Socialists against the Liberal government.[6]
In the first days of the junta, the military was represented exclusively by the young officer corps which, unlike the senior officers, had been far more sympathetic to the emerging left-wing movements in the country.[5] The military representatives were the three lieutenant colonels Luis Cuenca, Jorge Jórdan, and Germán Busch.[7] While Busch took charge of the junta, he did so only provisionally, calling upon his more politically experienced mentor, the Colonel David Toro, to assume the presidency. Toro had still been in the Chaco surveying troop disarmament and, by his own account, had not even been aware of the coup before it occurred.[8][9] Nevertheless, he accepted the position, arriving in La Paz on 20 May and formally establishing the junta before being inaugurated as president on 22 May.[5]
June self-coup
editLess than a month into the administration of the junta, the alliance between the PSU and PRS began to break down. The moderate socialists of the PSU remained distrustful of the PRS, whom they still regarded as members of the traditional conservative parties. Meanwhile, the PRS, under the leadership of the ex-president Bautista Saavedra, pushed hard for increased control over the government. The PRS, through its newspaper La República, decried the PSU as "communists" while the PSU, in turn, refused to work with the "rightists". Though President Toro attempted to quell the issue by offering Saavedra a diplomatic post outside of the country, Saavedra refused.[5]
The conflict between the civilian political parties caused discomfort amongst the young officers. Finally on 21 June, Busch enacted a self-coup which secured the permanent exile of Saavedra from the country and the termination of the co-government between the civil sectors and the military. In a manifesto justifying the military action, Busch stated that "Unhappily, the political reality which we were expecting did not correspond to the noble aspirations of the Army. The parties of the left, united by pacts which seemed solidly defined, did not delay in breaking them, giving us the spectacle of totally opposed appetites." From this point and until the end of the military socialist era in 1939, the military governed on its own with only the aid of individual politicians and the veteran and labor movements but without the participation of established political parties.[5]
The self-coup was executed without the prior knowledge nor consent of Toro who reluctantly issued his own manifesto the following day in which he expressed his compliance with the military's decision. Though in another official statement Toro made a point to exonerate the PSU of any malfeasance, the coup was a major blow to the party from which it would never recover and resulted in Baldivieso's resignation as leader on 23 June, citing the invalidity of his position.[5]
Members
edit
from 22 May 1936
from 13 July 1937
 Government Junta of Bolivia 1936–1938 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | Representing | Office(s) | |
| Germán Busch | Mil-Soc. | Military | Provisional President of the Junta | |
| Chief of the General Staff | ||||
| David Toro | Mil-Soc. | Military | President of the Junta | |
| Germán Busch | Mil-Soc. | Military | President of the Junta | |
| Jorge Jórdan | Mil-Soc. | Military | Minister of Industry and Commerce | |
| Luis Cuenca | Mil-Soc. | Military | – | |
| Enrique Baldivieso | PSU | Civilian | Foreign Minister | |
| Gabriel Gosálvez | PSU | Civilian | Minister of National Defense | |
| Secretary-General of the Junta | ||||
| Pedro Zilveti | PRS | Civilian | Minister of Development and Communications | |
| Florencio Candia | PSU | Civilian | Private Secretary of the President[10] | |
Dissolution
editIt would not take long for Busch and the military to grow tired of the slow pace of reforms enacted by Toro, who became increasingly unpopular in their and the public's eyes. On 13 July 1937, President Toro met with Busch and the General Enrique Peñaranda. After a lengthy cabinet meeting, Busch informed the president that he no longer had the army's support and requested his resignation. With General Peñaranda turning down Busch's empty offer to chair the junta, Toro resigned, allowing Busch to succeed him.[11]
The following year, a National Convention was opened on 23 May. On 28 May, it proclaimed Busch and Baldivieso the constitutional President and Vice President of the Republic, bringing an end to the de facto regime and dissolving the government junta.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Bolivia: Decreto Ley de 2 de marzo de 1937". www.lexivox.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ Gisbert 2003, pp. 270–271
- ^ "Bolivia: Ley de 27 de mayo de 1938". www.lexivox.org. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ "La rebelión de mayo del 36". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Klein, Herbert S. (1 February 1965). "David Toro and the Establishment of "Military Socialism" in Bolivia". Hispanic American Historical Review. 45 (1): 25–52. doi:10.1215/00182168-45.1.25. ISSN 0018-2168.
- ^ "80 años de la muerte de Tejada Sorzano, el presidente que quiso prorrogarse y cayó". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Gisbert 2003, pp. 270
- ^ Klein 1967, pp. 167
- ^ Calvo, Roberto Querejazu (1977). Llallagua: historia de una montaña (in Spanish). Editorial Los Amigos del Libro. p. 151.
- ^ Boullón Barreto, Gustavo (1936). Bolivia República socialista (in Spanish). La Paz: Imp. General War Office. p. 31.
- ^ admins5 (19 November 2014). "La Caída de Toro". www.educa.com.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 February 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Bolivia: Ley de 27 de mayo de 1938". www.lexivox.org. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
Bibliography
edit- Gisbert, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.
- Klein, Herbert S. (May 1967). "Germán Busch and the Era of "Military Socialism" in Bolivia". The Hispanic American Historical Review. XLVII (2).