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Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

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The Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the government of Soviet Russia between 1917 and 1946. It was established by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies on November 9, 1917 "as an interim workers' and peasants' government" under the name of the Council of People's Commissars,[1] which was used before the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of 1918.

Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Совет народных комиссаров Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики
Agency overview
FormedNovember 9, 1917
Preceding agency
DissolvedMarch 15, 1946
Superseding agency
  • Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1946–1992)
Jurisdiction Russian Soviet Republic (1917–1918)
 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918–1946)
HeadquartersMoscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Agency executive
Parent agencyAll-Russian Central Executive Committee (1918–1937),
Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (1937–1946)
Map
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Territory of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1940–1944)

Since 1918, the formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was the prerogative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,[2] and since 1937, the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was formed from the people's commissars – the leaders of the People's Commissariats of Soviet Russia – headed by the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics.

By the law of the Soviet Union of March 15, 1946[3] and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of March 23 of the same year,[4] the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Origin of name

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In his memoirs, Leon Trotsky ascribes the name "Council of People's Commissars" to himself.[5] According to the memoirs of Vladimir Milyutin, the name "People's Commissar" was proposed by Trotsky, and Kamenev proposed the government as the "Council of People's Commissars". Some have also claimed that the authorship of the term was first coined by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko.[6]

At the same time, from Lenin's notes written no later than October 25, 1917:

"Immediate creation... of a commission of people's commissars... (ministers and comrades of the minister)".

It follows that the name "commissars" (etymologically "the heads of commissions"), as a replacement for the term "ministers", even earlier appeared in the outline of the organization of a new apparatus of government of the future head of the Council of People's Commissars. In the same document, it was planned to create other central government bodies in the rank of commissions (commissions of a revolutionary order, commissions of legislative assumptions, and a number of commissions in various branches of the state life of the country).[7]

History

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Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government

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Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks instructed Kamenev and Berzin to make political contact with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks proposed that the Left Socialist Revolutionaries enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work – before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.[8]

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" adopted by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on October 27, 1917 (O.S.). The decree began with the words:

To form for the government of the country, until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, an interim workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.

An Attempt at All-Socialist Government

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Negotiation in November

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Main article: Vikzhel § Post-revolutionary discord

In connection with the demarche of the executive committee of the railway trade union, Vikzhel, who did not recognize the October Revolution, and demanded the formation of a "homogeneous socialist government" of representatives of all socialist parties, the post of People's Commissar of Rail Affairs remained unsubstituted.

The Mensheviks, SRs, and Bolsheviks failed to reach an agreement in December 1917 to form a coalition administration.

Left SRs-Bolsheviks Coalition

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Main article: Left Socialist-Revolutionaries § Government coalition

In December, Six representatives from the Left SR entered the government, They are

  • Andrei Kolegayev, People's Commissar of Agriculture
  • Isaac Steinberg, People's Commissar of Justice
  • Prosh Proshian, People's Commissar of Post and Telegraph
  • Vladimir Trutovsky, People's Commissar of Local Government
  • Vladimir Karelin, People's Commissar of State Property
  • Mikhail Algasov, People's Commissar without Portfolio

Formal Government of RSFSR

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Main articles: All-Russian Congress of Soviets § Third Congress, and Russian Constituent Assembly § Meeting in Petrograd (5–6/18–19 January 1918)

Subsequently, in January 1918, the Bolsheviks managed to split the railway union by forming the Vikzhedor Executive Committee parallel to Vikzhel, which consisted mainly of Bolsheviks and Left Socialist Revolutionaries. By March 1918, Vikzhel's resistance was finally broken, and the main powers of both Vikzhel and Vikzhedor were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Railways.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of an interim governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legislated by the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of 1918. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee received the right to form the Council of People's Commissars; the Council of People's Commissars was the general management body for the affairs of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic authorized to issue decrees, and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was entitled to cancel or suspend any decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars.

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, executive manager and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments.

End of the Left SRs-Bolsheviks Coalition

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Main articles: Left Socialist Revolutionaries § Split with the Bolsheviks, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and All-Russian Congress of Soviets § Fourth Congress

Bolsheviks' One-Party Government

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The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was the Department of Affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations. The staff of the executive administration in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the Soviet Union).[9]

By the law of the Soviet Union of March 15, 1946 and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. On March 18, the last decree of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was issued with the name "Council of People's Commissars".[10] On February 25, 1947, the corresponding amendments were made to the Constitution of the Soviet Union, and on March 13, 1948, the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

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According to the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars consisted of:

  • Management of the general affairs of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic;
  • The management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37);
  • The promulgation of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of public life" (Article 38).

The Council of People's Commissars informed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of all decisions and decisions adopted (Article 39), which had the right to suspend and annul a resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

It was created 18 people's commissariats.[4][11]

The following is a list of People's Commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic according to the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of July 10, 1918:[12]

  • Of Foreign Affairs;
  • Of Military Affairs;
  • Of Maritime Affairs;
  • Of Domestic Affairs;
  • Justice;
  • Labour;
  • Social Security;
  • Enlightenment;
  • Mail and Telegraphs;
  • Of National Affairs;
  • Of Financial Affairs;
  • Ways of Communication;
  • Agriculture;
  • Trade and Industry;
  • Food;
  • State Control;
  • Supreme Council of the National Economy;
  • Health Care.

At each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, the members of which were approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

The People's Commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues under the jurisdiction of the commissariat led by him, bringing them to the attention of the board (Article 45).

With the formation of the Soviet Union in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The organization, composition, competence and procedure of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the Soviet Union of 1924 and the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of 1925. From that moment, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 republican people's commissariats were established:

  • Domestic Trade;
  • Labour;
  • Finance;
  • Workers and Peasants Inspection;
  • Internal Affairs;
  • Justice;
  • Enlightenment;
  • Health Care;
  • Agriculture;
  • Social Security;
  • Supreme Council of the National Economy.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic now included with a decisive or deliberative vote authorized representatives of the People's Commissariats of the Soviet Union under the Government of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, in turn, allocated a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (according to information to the Legislative Assembly, 1924, No. 70, Article 691).

Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union had a single Office of Affairs (based on materials from the Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the Soviet Union).[13]

With the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was accountable only to the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, between its sessions, to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic totaled 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Archive of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic):[14]

  • Food Industry;
  • Light Industry;
  • Forest Industry;
  • Agriculture;
  • Grain Soviet Farms;
  • Livestock Soviet Farms;
  • Finance;
  • Domestic Trade;
  • Justice;
  • Health Care;
  • Enlightenment;
  • Local Industry;
  • Communal Economy;
  • Social Security.

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

First composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia

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First composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The vacant post of People's Commissar for Rail Affairs later took Mark Elizarov. On November 12, in addition to the Decree establishing the Council of People's Commissars, Alexandra Kollontai, the first woman minister in the world, was appointed People's Commissar of State Charity. On November 19, Edward Essen was appointed Commissar of State Control.

The historical first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was formed in the context of a tough struggle for power between Vikzhel and Bolsheviks.

The People's Commissariat of Military and Naval Affairs was formed as a collegium, composed of Antonov-Ovseenko, Krylenko, Dybenko. By April 1918, this committee virtually ceased to exist.

According to the memoirs of the first People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was largely random, and the discussion of the list was accompanied by Lenin's comments: "if we are unsuitable, we will be able to change". As the first People's Commissar of Justice, the Bolshevik Lomov (Georgy Oppokov) wrote, his knowledge of justice included mainly detailed knowledge of the Tsar's prisons with the features of the regime, "we knew where they beat, how they beat, where and how they put in punishment cells, but we didn't know how to rule the state".

Many People's Commissars of the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia were repressed in the 1930s.

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

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Council of People's Commissars, 1919
See also: List of heads of government of Russia

People's Commissars

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Vice-chairmen:

Foreign Affairs:

Military and Naval Affairs:

Internal Affairs:

Justice:

Labour:

State Charity (from April 26, 1918 – Social Security; People's Commissariat of Social Security on November 4, 1919, combined with the People's Commissariat of Labor, on April 26, 1920, divided):

Enlightenment:

Mail and Telegraphs:

Nationalities:

Finance:

Ways of Communication:

  • Mark Elizarov (November 21, 1917 – January 20, 1918);
  • Alexey Rogov (February 24, 1918 – May 9, 1918);
  • Peter Kobozev (May 9, 1918 – June 1918);
  • Vladimir Nevsky (July 25, 1918 – March 15, 1919);
  • Leonid Krasin (March 30, 1919 – March 20, 1920);
  • Leon Trotsky (March 20, 1920 – December 10, 1920);
  • Alexander Emshanov (December 20, 1920 – April 14, 1921);
  • Felix Dzerzhinsky (April 14, 1921 – July 6, 1923).

Agriculture:

Trade and Industry:

Food:

State Control of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic:

  • Eduard Essen (December 2, 1917 – May 1918);
  • Karl Lander (May 9, 1918 – March 25, 1919);
  • Joseph Stalin (March 30, 1919 – February 7, 1920).

Health:

Workers and Peasants Inspection:

State Property:

  • Vladimir Karelin (December 22, 1917 – March 18, 1918);
  • Pavel Malinovsky (March 18, 1918 – July 11, 1918).

Local Government:

  • Vladimir Trutovsky (January 1, 1918 – March 18, 1918).

Supreme Council of the National Economy (chairpersons):

Subordinate bodies

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  • The Financial Three (May 2, 1922 – May 29, 1922);[16]
  • Finance Committee (1922–1923).[17]

Assessments

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Social composition

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Researcher Mikhail Voslensky in his fundamental work "Nomenclature" notes that the "social origin" of the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was of little use for the Bolshevik party, which declared itself "the vanguard of the working class". In fact, the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was almost entirely intelligent, and in fact there were only two out of 16 workers in it: Alexander Shlyapnikov and Victor Nogin. In addition, in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, there were five nobles: Vladimir Lenin, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Ivan Teodorovich and Georgy Oppokov. Trotsky's father was, according to the Soviet classification, a "fist", and Stalin a craftsman, that is, they both belonged, in the Soviet classification, to "petty-bourgeois elements". This state of affairs created the ground for the emergence of the so-called "Labour Opposition" at the end of the Civil War, which also expressed irritation that the workers were actually ruled by intellectuals on their behalf; oppositionists have accused of "degenerating the party leaders" and their "isolation from the party masses"[18] (see also Makhaevschina). At the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the "Workers' Opposition" was accused of:

...criticiz[ing] the intelligentsia in the sense that it sees all evil in our governing bodies and in the fact that intellectuals sit everywhere.[19]

National composition

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The national composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia was a subject of speculation.

Vlasovets Andrey Dikiy in his work "Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union" claims that the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was allegedly as follows:

Council of People's Commissars, 1918:

Lenin – Chairman, Chicherin – Foreign Affairs, Russian; Lunacharsky – Enlightenment, Jew; Dzhugashvili (Stalin) – Nationalities, Georgian; Protian – Agriculture, Armenian; Larin (Lurie) – Economic Council, Jew; Schlichter – Supply, Jew; Trotsky (Bronstein) – Army and Navy, Jew; Lander – State Control, Jew; Kaufman – State Property, Jew; Vasily Schmidt – Work, Jew; Lilina (Knigissen) – Public Health, Jew; Svalbard – Cults, Jew; Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) – Internal Affairs, Jew; Anvelt – Hygiene, Jew; Isidor Gukovsky – Finance, Jew; Volodarsky – Print, Jew; Uritsky – Elections, Jew; I. Steinberg – Justice, Jew; Fengstein – Refugees, Jew.

In total, out of 20 people's commissars – one Russian, one Georgian, one Armenian and 17 Jews.

Yuri Emelyanov in his work "Trotsky. Myths and Personality" provides an analysis of this list. The analysis shows that the "Jewish" character of the Council of People's Commissars was obtained through fraud: it was not the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars that was published in the decree of the Second Congress of Soviets, but only those people's commissariats whose heads either were Jews. So, Leo Trotsky, who was appointed to this post on April 8, 1918, is mentioned as the People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs, and Alexander Schlichter, who really held this post until February 25, 1918, was mentioned as the People's Commissar of Food (here: "supply"), by the way, he was not a Jew either (Schlichter – Polish landowners of German origin). At the time when Trotsky really became the People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs, Alexander Tsyurupa instead of Schlichter already became the People's Commissar of Food.

Another method of fraud is the invention of a number of never-existing people's commissariats.[20] So, Andrei Dikiy in the list of people's commissariats mentioned the never-existent people's commissariats of cults, of elections, of refugees, of hygiene. Volodarsky is mentioned as the People's Commissar of the Press; in fact, he was indeed the commissar of the press, propaganda and agitation, but not the people's commissar, a member of the Council of People's Commissars (that is, in fact the government), but the commissar of the Union of Northern Communes[21] (regional union of Soviets),[22][23] an active conductor of the Bolshevik Press Decree.[24]

And, conversely, the list does not include, for example, the really existing People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs. As a result, Andrey Dikiy does not even agree on the number of people's commissariats: he mentions the number 20, although there were 14 people in the first composition, in 1918 the number was increased to 18.

Some posts are indicated with errors. So, the Chairman of the Petrograd Council Grigory Zinoviev was mentioned as the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, although he never held this position. The People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan (here – "Protian") is attributed the leadership of "agriculture".

Jewish identity are arbitrarily attributed to a number of people, for example, Russian nobleman Anatoly Lunacharsky, Estonian Jan Anvelt, Russified Germans Vasily Schmidt, Alexander Schlichter, Latvian Karl Landers and others.

Some individuals are generally fictitious: Spitsberg (perhaps referring to the investigator of the 8th Liquidation Department of the People's Commissariat of Justice Ivan Spitsberg, who was famous for his aggressive atheistic position),[25][26] Lilina-Knigissen (possibly referring to actress Maria Lilina, who never entered the government, or Zlata Lilina (Bernshtein), who was also not a member of the Council of People's Commissars, but who worked as the head of the Department of Public Education at the executive committee of the Petrograd Council), Kaufman (possibly referring to the constitutional democrat Alexander Kaufman, who, according to some sources, was involved by the Bolsheviks as an expert in the development of land reform but never entered the Council of People's Commissars).

Also on the list are two leftist Socialist Revolutionaries whose rejection of Bolshevism is not indicated at all: People's Commissar of Justice Isaac Steinberg (referred to as "I. Steinberg") and People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Prosh Proshyan, referred to as "Protian – Agriculture". Both politicians reacted extremely negatively to post-October Bolshevik politics. Prior to the revolution, Isidor Gukovsky was a Menshevik "liquidator" and he accepted the post of People's Commissar of Finance only under the pressure of Lenin.

Literary critic Vadim Kozhinov wrote about the membership in the Council of People's Commissars of one of the few Jews there, Leon Trotsky, objecting to the philosopher Vadim Rogovin:

Likewise – perhaps not without "imitation" to Abram Gotz – capable of foresight, Trotsky insisted that "there should not be a single Jew in the first revolutionary government, because otherwise the reactionary propaganda would portray the October Revolution as a "Jewish revolution"...". Commenting on this "position" of Trotsky, his current ardent admirer Vadim Rogovin seeks, in particular, to convince readers that Lev Davidovich was de lacking in power, had the firm intention "to remain outside the government after the coup and... agreed to take government posts only by persistent demand of the Central Committee". But these considerations are designed for completely simple-minded people, because Trotsky never refused membership in the Central Committee and the Political Bureau, and a member of the Political Bureau stood incomparably higher in the hierarchy of power than any people's commissar! And Trotsky, by the way, did not hide his extreme indignation when he was "released from duties of a member of the Political Bureau" in 1926...

— Vadim Kozhinov. "What Was the Role of the Jews in Post-Revolutionary Russia?"[27]

A similar point of view was shared by Igor Shafarevich.[28]

In 2013, speaking about the Schneerson Collection at the Moscow Jewish Museum and the Center for Tolerance, Russian President Vladimir Putin noted that "The decision to nationalize the library was made by the first Soviet government, and Jews were approximately 80–85% members".[29] According to historian Vladimir Ryzhkov, Putin's ignorant statement about the predominance of Jews in the Council of People's Commissars is due to the fact that "during the years of perestroika, he read the tabloid press".[30] Some media outlets also criticized the statements of the President of the Russian Federation. So the editors of the newspaper Vedomosti, condemning the head of state for marginality, posted the following statistics:[31][32]

"If we discard the speculations of pseudoscientists who know how to find the Jewish origin of every revolutionary, it turns out that in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Jews there were 8%: of its 16 members, only Leon Trotsky was a Jew. In the government of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of 1917–1922 Jews were 12% (six out of 50 people). Apart from the government, the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) on the eve of October 1917 had 20% Jews (6 out of 30), and in the first composition of the political bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – 40% (3 out of 7)".

— "Vedomosti" dated June 17, 2013

References

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  1. ^ Decree on the Formation of the Council of People's Commissars
  2. ^ The Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of 1918: "The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets forms the Council of People's Commissars for the general management of the affairs of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and departments (People's Commissariats) for the management of individual branches of government".
  3. ^ The Law of the Soviet Union of March 15, 1946 "On the Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union into the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union and the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union and Autonomous Republics – into Councils of Ministers of the Union and Autonomous Republics" // Vedomosti of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union: Collection – 1946 – No. 10
  4. ^ a b "The Supreme Bodies of State Power and Central Government Bodies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1967). Handbook (Based on Materials From State Archives)" (Prepared by the Central State Archive of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Chapter I, Section "Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
  5. ^ Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in Life. A Systematic Set of Memoirs of Contemporaries, Documents of the Era, Versions of Historians, OLMA–PRESS, 2004, ISBN 5-94850-191-4
  6. ^ The Bitter Bread of Twenty People's Commissars and Ministers
  7. ^ Albert Nenarokov. (Editor) "The First Soviet Government. October 1917 – July 1918". Moscow. Political Publishing House, 1991. ISBN 5-250-00919-0
  8. ^ (Doctor of Historical Sciences Agdas Burganov). Scientific Work[permanent dead link‍], Page 27
  9. ^ The Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the Soviet Union, Fund 130, Inventory 25, Case 2, Sheets 19–20
  10. ^ "Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Legal Russia". Archived from the original on 2016-12-22.
  11. ^ The text of the Constitution mistakenly indicates 17, and in the list presented in Article 43, there are 18 of them
  12. ^ "The Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic" (adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918)
  13. ^ The Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the Soviet Union, Fund 130, Inventory 25, Case 5, Sheet 8
  14. ^ Central State Archive of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Fund 259, Inventory 1, Case 27, Sheet 204
  15. ^ "Biography: Pamfilov Konstantin Dmitrievich – Rulers of Russia and the Soviet Union". Archived from the original on 2014-08-12.
  16. ^ The body under the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic to review the decisions of the Small Council of People's Commissars on the release of funds protested by the People's Commissariat of Finance; control over the spending of the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars; consideration of individual estimates of people's commissariats and other state institutions. Renamed the Finance Committee on May 29, 1922
  17. ^ In 1923, transferred to the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
  18. ^ Workers' Opposition / Great Soviet Encyclopedia // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: in 30 Volumes / Editor-in-Chief Alexander Prokhorov – 3rd Edition – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978
  19. ^ "Materials of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
  20. ^ Yuri Emelyanov. Trotsky. Myths and Personality
  21. ^ Chrono Project. "V. Volodarsky (Moisey Goldstein)".
  22. ^ Encyclopedia of Saint Petersburg. "Union of Commons of the Northern Region".
  23. ^ "Departmental Heraldry".
  24. ^ "V. Volodarsky (1891–1918)".
  25. ^ Konstantin Kovalev-Sluchevsky. "The Return of Reverend Savva".
  26. ^ Archpriest Vladislav Tsypin. "Russian Orthodox Church during the Civil War".
  27. ^ "Russia. 20th Century", ISBN 978-5-699-53295-7, Vadim Kozhinov, Chapter 13 "What Was the Role of the Jews in Post-Revolutionary Russia?", Page 420
  28. ^ Shafarevich Igor. Three Thousand Year Old Riddle. Chapter 11. In the Russian Revolution of 1917
  29. ^ "One for All. The President has Decided the Fate of the Schneerson Library". Rossiyskaya Gazeta – Federal Issue No. 6103 (127)
  30. ^ The Interception Program of June 15, 2013. Radio Station "Echo of Moscow"
  31. ^ The Article "From the Editor: A Collection of Misconceptions", "Vedomosti" dated June 17, 2013
  32. ^ Message "From the Editor: Fifth Fad. The Rhetoric of the First Persons of the Russian State Feeds the Prejudices of the Backward Part of the Inhabitants". "Vedomosti" dated June 17, 2013

Sources

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  • Figures of the Soviet Union and the Revolutionary Movement of Russia – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989 – Pages 826–827
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