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European Green Party

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The European Green Party (EGP), also referred to as European Greens, is a transnational, European political party representing national parties from across Europe who share Green values.

European Green Party
AbbreviationEGP
President
Secretary-GeneralBenedetta De Marte (IT)
Founded21 February 2004; 20 years ago (2004-02-21)
Preceded byEuropean Federation of Green Parties
HeadquartersRue du Taciturne 34,
1000 Brussels, Belgium
Think tankGreen European Foundation
Youth wingYoung European Greens
IdeologyGreen politics[1]
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre-left to left-wing
European Parliament groupGreens–European Free Alliance
International affiliationGlobal Greens
Colours  Green
European Parliament
44 / 720
European Council
0 / 27
European Commission
1 / 27
Website
europeangreens.eu Edit this at Wikidata

The European Greens works closely with the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) parliamentary group in the European Parliament which is formed by elected Green party members along with the European Free Alliance, European Pirate Party and Volt Europa. The European Greens' partners include its youth wing the Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG), the Green European Foundation (GEF) and the Global Greens family.

Green parties are in government in seven countries in Europe: Austria (The Greens), Belgium (Groen and Ecolo), Bulgaria (Green Movement), Germany (Alliance 90/The Greens), the Republic of Ireland (Green Party), Latvia (The Progressives) and Poland, (Zieloni/Civic Coalition) Spain (Catalunya en Comú/Sumar).

Ideology and positions

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The European Greens have committed themselves to the basic tenets of Green politics as seen across Western Europe, namely environmental responsibility, climate action, individual freedom, inclusive democracy, diversity, social justice, gender equality, global sustainable development and non-violence.[2][3]

The European Greens was the first party to form out of various national movements to become a European entity, committed to the integration of Europe.[4][5] The party aims to amplify the views of member parties by having common policy positions, mutual election manifestos, and cohesive European election campaigns. The European Greens also has networks which brings Green politicians together, such as the Local Councillors Network.[6][7]

Charter

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According to its charter,[8] the European Greens is working towards a just and sustainable transition towards societies "respectful of human rights and built upon the values of environmental responsibility, freedom, justice, diversity and non-violence". The charter's guiding principles provide a framework for the political actions taken by member parties.

The priorities outlined in the charter include protecting human health and wellbeing, maintaining biological diversity, combatting global warming, transitioning to a just and sustainable economy, strengthening inclusive democracies, safeguarding diversity, and ensuring social justice.

History

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Green politics in Europe emerged from several grassroots political movements, including the peace movements, the ecology movement and movements for women's rights.[9]

The anti-nuclear movement in Germany first had political expression as Vereinigung Die Grünen, which formed in March 1979, and established itself as a party for the European Parliament in January 1980.[10][11][12] Similarly, activists in Britain's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament would eventually form the Ecology Party.[13][14][15] However, it also brought in ecological movements, which had become active across Western European nations in the 1970s.[2][16] Environmental groups became especially political after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, which strengthened groups such as the Italian Green Party.[17] In the Netherlands, feminists dominated GroenLinks party.[9] Elements of all these national parties would go on to form the European Green Party.

Representatives from these and other parties sat in the European Parliament after the 1984 European Parliament election.[18] The following 11 members of this grouping, which was briefly known as the Rainbow Group, came from parties which went on to be part of the European Greens:[18]

The European Green Party itself was officially founded at the 4th Congress of the European Federation of Green Parties on 20–22 February 2004 in Rome.[19] At the convention, 32 Green parties from across Europe joined this new pan-European party.[6][20] As such, the European Greens became a trans-national party, and the very first European political party.[21][20]

In the 2004 European Parliament election, member parties won 35 Seats and the Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament secured 43 in total.[22]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, even though the European Parliament was reduced in size, the European Greens' member parties won 46 seats, the best result of the Green Parties in 30 years. The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament secured 55 seats in total.[23]

In the 2014 European Parliament election, the Green candidates were José Bové and Ska Keller. These elections marked the first time there were primaries including Spitzenkandidaten at the European elections, which allows Europeans to not only vote for who should represent them in the European Parliament, but also help to decide who should lead the European Commission. In May they presented a common programme including the Green New Deal at the launch of the European Greens' campaign which called for "a new direction of economic policy aimed at reducing our carbon footprint and improving our quality of life". The slogan of the campaign was 'Change Europe, vote Green'.[24] The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament obtained 50 seats in total.[25]

The candidates for the 2019 European Parliament election were Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout, who campaigned for climate protection, a social Europe, more democracy and stronger rule of law.[26] That year, the Greens made the strongest ever showing across Europe,[27] in part due to rising public awareness about climate change[28] and the impact of youth movements for climate. The strongest surge was in Germany as Alliance 90/The Greens replaced the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany as the second-strongest party.[29] The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament obtained 74 seats in total.[30] The Greens' results signified a new balance of power[31] as the European People's Party (EPP) and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) lost their majority.

By 2023, The Economist analysed that "the policies espoused by environmentalists sit squarely at the centre of today's political agenda".[32]

Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout were elected by the European Greens to be lead candidates for the 2024 European Parliament election. The campaign ran under the slogan "Choose Courage".[33] They were elected by more than 300 delegates at an Extended Congress in Lyon, France in February 2024. The campaign is focused on a Green and Social Deal, and the fight against the rise of the far right in Europe.

At the 2024 Maastricht Debate, organised by Politico and the University of Maastricht, European Green top candidate Bas Eickhout asked directly to Ursula von der Leyen, top candidate of the European People's Party, what her position was towards the far right in Europe, European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) and Identity and Democracy. Von der Leyen told the audience that a collaboration with the ECR "depends very much on how the composition of the Parliament is, and who is in what group."[34]

Numerous analyses in European quality media consider this as a win for the Greens[35] and the turning point of the 2024 election campaign.[36] The European Greens criticised heavily that von der Leyen, as incumbent president of the European Commission and lead candidate for the EPP, opened the door to collaboration with the far right.

Organisational structure

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Ulrike Lunacek, ex vice-president of the European Parliament and Michaele Schreyer, the only Green European Commission member so far

The European Green Party is a European political party, constituted out of political parties from European countries. Parties can also become associate members. Members of the Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament not belonging to a member party can be admitted as a special member with speaking rights but no vote.

 
Alice Bah Kuhnke, Deputy chairwoman of the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament.

The governing bodies of the EGP are the Council and the Committee.[37]

  • The Council takes place twice a year and is the main decision-making body of the European Greens and consists of delegates of member parties. During Councils, delegates from European Greens parties set a common political direction, linked to the development of the European project and its values. They do so by debating and vote on resolutions on key issues in Europe. Delegates are allotted based on their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates. consists of delegates of member parties. These are allotted on the basis of their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates.[38]
  • The Committee consists of nine members, including two Co-Chairs (one man and one woman), a Secretary General and a Treasurer. They are responsible for daily political affairs, execution of the Council's decisions and the activities of the EGP office and staff. Co-Chairs Thomas Waitz and Mélanie Vogel, Secretary General Benedetta De Marte, Treasurer Ute Michel, and Committee Members Vula Tsetsi, Sibylle Steffan, Małgorzata Tracz, Rasmus Nordqvist and Mina Jack Tolu were elected at the 35th European Green Party in Riga, Latvia. The EGP has had several Co-Chairs.

Co-chairs of the European Greens

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Mandate Co-chairs Member party Years Secretary General Council election
May 2022 –   Mélanie Vogel EELV 05/2022 – present   Benedetta De Marte Riga,   Latvia, November 2022
  Thomas Waitz Die Grünen 05/2022 – present
Nov 2019 – May 2022   Evelyne Huytebroeck Ecolo 11/2019 – 05/2022   Mar Garcia Tampere,   Finland, November 2019
  Thomas Waitz Die Grünen 11/2019 – 05/2022
Nov 2015 – Nov 2019   Monica Frassoni Federazione dei Verdi 11/2015 – 11/2019   Mar Garcia Lyon,   France, November 2015
  Reinhard Bütikofer Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen 11/2015 – 11/2019
Nov 2012 – Nov 2015   Monica Frassoni Federazione dei Verdi 11/2012 – 11/2015   Jacqueline Cremers (until end 2014)

  Mar Garcia (from January 2015)

Athens,   Greece, November 2012
  Reinhard Bütikofer Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen 11/2012 – 11/2015
Oct 2009 – Nov 2012   Monica Frassoni Federazione dei Verdi 10/2009 – 11/2012   Jacqueline Cremers Malmö,   Sweden, October 2009
  Philippe Lamberts Ecolo 10/2009 – 11/2012
May 2006 – Oct 2009   Ulrike Lunacek Die Grünen 05/2006 – 10/2009   Juan Behrend Helsinki,   Finland, May 2006
  Philippe Lamberts Ecolo 05/2006 – 10/2009
May 2003 – May 2006   Grazia Francescato Federazione dei Verdi 05/2003 – 05/2006   Arnold Cassola Saint Andrews,   Malta, May 2003
  Pekka Haavisto Vihreä Liitto 05/2003 – 05/2006
  • The Congress is an enlarged meeting of the Council which is convened by the Council at least once every 5 years and hosts more delegates.

Networks

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The EGP hosts a collection of networks that have specific special interest focus, including:[39]

  • Balkan Network
  • Mediterranean Network
  • Gender Network
  • European Queer Greens
  • Local Councillors Networks
  • European Green Disability Network
  • European Network of Green Seniors

Partnerships

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Membership

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  States with member parties
  States with associate parties
  States with candidate parties

Full members

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Country Name MEPs[a] National MPs Government status
  Albania Green Party of Albania Not in EU
0 / 140
 Extra-parliamentary
  Austria The Greens – The Green Alternative
3 / 18
26 / 183
 Government
  Belgium   Flemish Groen
1 / 12
[b]
8 / 102
[c]		 Government
  French
  German		 Ecolo
2 / 9
[d]
13 / 63
[e]		 Government
  Bulgaria Green Movement
0 / 17
0 / 240
 Extra-parliamentary
  Croatia We Can!
1 / 12
10 / 151
 Opposition
  Cyprus Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation
0 / 6
2 / 56
 Opposition
  Czech Republic Green Party
0 / 22
0 / 200
 Extra-parliamentary
  Denmark Green Left
3 / 15
15 / 179
 Opposition
  Estonia Estonian Greens
0 / 7
0 / 101
 Extra-parliamentary
  Finland Green League
3 / 14
13 / 200
 Opposition
  France Europe Ecology – The Greens
11 / 74
16 / 577
 Opposition
  Georgia Greens Party of Georgia Not in EU
0 / 150
 Extra-parliamentary
  Germany Alliance 90/The Greens
21 / 96
118 / 736
 Government
  Greece Ecologist Greens
0 / 21
0 / 300
 Extra-parliamentary
  Hungary LMP – Hungary's Green Party
(suspended)[40]
0 / 21
5 / 199
 Opposition
  Ireland Green Party[f]
0 / 14
12 / 160
 Government
  Italy Green Europe
4 / 76
6 / 400
 Opposition
  South Tyrol Greens
0 / 76
0 / 400
 Extra-parliamentary
  Latvia The Progressives
1 / 9
10 / 100
 Government
  Lithuania Union of Democrats "For Lithuania"
0 / 11
16 / 141
 Opposition
  Luxembourg The Greens
1 / 6
4 / 60
 Opposition
  Malta AD+PD
0 / 6
0 / 79
 Extra-parliamentary
  Moldova Ecologist Green Party Not in EU
0 / 101
 Extra-parliamentary
  Montenegro United Reform Action Not in EU
4 / 81
 Opposition
  Netherlands GroenLinks
3 / 26
13 / 150
 Opposition
  North Macedonia Democratic Renewal of Macedonia Not in EU
1 / 120
 Confidence and supply
  Norway Green Party Not in EU
3 / 169
 Opposition
  Poland The Greens
1 / 51
3 / 460
 Government
  Portugal LIVRE
0 / 21
4 / 230
 Opposition
Ecologist Party "The Greens"
0 / 21
0 / 230
 Extra-parliamentary
  Romania Green Party
0 / 32
0 / 330
 Extra-parliamentary
  Slovenia Youth Party – European Greens
0 / 8
0 / 90
 Extra-parliamentary
  Spain Greens Equo
0 / 54
0 / 350
 Extra-parliamentary
  Catalonia Green Left
1 / 54
[g]
2 / 48
[h]		 Government
  Sweden Green Party
3 / 20
18 / 349
 Opposition
   Switzerland Green Party of Switzerland Not in EU
28 / 200
 Opposition
  Ukraine Party of Greens of Ukraine Not in EU
0 / 450
 Extra-parliamentary
  United Kingdom   England
  Wales		 Green Party of England and Wales Not in EU
4 / 573
[i]		 Opposition
  Scotland Scottish Greens
0 / 59
[j]		 Extra-parliamentary
  Northern Ireland Green Party in Northern Ireland [k]
0 / 18
[l]		 Extra-parliamentary
Sources[41]

Associate members

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Country Name MEPs National MPs Government status
  Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Green Party Not in EU
0 / 125
 Extra-parliamentary
  Croatia Green Alternative – Sustainable Development of Croatia
0 / 11
0 / 151
 Extra-parliamentary
  Finland   Åland Sustainable Initiative
0 / 13
0 / 1
[m]		 Extra-parliamentary
  Hungary Dialogue – The Greens' Party
0 / 21
6 / 199
 Opposition
  Portugal People-Animals-Nature
0 / 21
1 / 230
 Opposition
  Russia Union of Greens of Russia Not in EU
0 / 450
 Extra-parliamentary
  Slovenia Vesna – Green Party
0 / 8
0 / 90
 Extra-parliamentary
  Spain   Catalonia Catalunya en Comú
1 / 59
[g]
5 / 48
[h]		 Government
  Turkey Green Left Party Not in EU
57 / 600
 Opposition
Sources[41]

Former members

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Country Year left Name MEPs (current) National MPs (current)
  Belarus 2023 Belarusian Green Party n/a – defunct
  Denmark 2012 De Grønne n/a – defunct
  Hungary 2015 Green Left n/a – defunct
  Latvia 2019 Latvian Green Party –
4 / 100
  Netherlands 2017 The Greens – –
  Russia 2016[n] Green Alternative Not in EU –
  Spain 2012 Confederation of the Greens –

Electoral standing and political representation

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Main article: European Greens election results

The table below shows the results of the Greens in each election to the European Parliament, in terms of seats and votes. It also shows how many European Commissioners the European Greens have, and who led the parliamentary group. It also lists how the Green parliamentary group and supra-national organisations was named and what European parliamentary group they joined.[42]

Year MEPs MEPs % Votes % EC Leaders EP Subgroup EP group Organization
1979 0 0 2.4% 0 none none none Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties
1984 11 2.5% 4.2% 0 Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf (1984–86)
Bram van der Lek (1984–86)
Brigitte Heinrich (1986)
François Roelants du Vivier (1986)
Frank Schwalba-Hoth (1986–87)
Paul Staes (1987–88)
Wilfried Telkämper (1987–89) 		Green Alternative European Link Rainbow Group European Green Coordination
1989 25 4.8% 7.4% 0 Maria Amelia Santos (1989–90)
Alexander Langer (1990)
Adelaide Aglietta (1990–94)
Paul Lannoye (1990–94) 		Green Group in the European Parliament European Green Coordination
1994 21 3.7% 7.4% 0 Claudia Roth (1994–98),
Alexander Langer (1994–95),
Magda Aelvoet (1997–99) 		Green Group in the European Parliament European Federation of Green Parties
1999 38 6.1% 7.7% 1[o] Heidi Hautala (1999–2002),
Paul Lannoye (1999–2002),
Monica Frassoni (2002–04),
Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2002–04) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Federation of Green Parties
2004 35 4.8% 7.3% 0 Monica Frassoni (2004–09),
Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2004–09) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Green Party
2009 48[p] 6.2% 7.3% 0 Rebecca Harms (2009–14),
Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2009–14) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Green Party
2014 50[43][q] 6.7% 7.3% 0 Rebecca Harms (2014–2016),
Ska Keller (2017– ),
Philippe Lamberts (2014– ) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Green Party
2019 67 11.4% 10.0% 0 Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout European Greens Greens-EFA European Green Party

Current electoral standing

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Country Name Votes Total Last EU election Votes Total Last national
election 		Government status
  Austria The Greens – The Green Alternative 532,193 3,834,662 14.1% 664,055 4,835,469 13.9% Government
  Belgium   Flemish Groen 525,908 6,732,157 7.8% 413,836 6,780,538 6.1% Government
  French
  German		 Ecolo 492,330 7.2% 416,452 6.1% Government
  Bulgaria The Greens EPP 2,015,320 6.1%[r] EPP 2,658,548 6.3%[r] Opposition
  Croatia We Can! 44,670 764,089 5.9% 193,051 2,180,411 9.1% Opposition
  Cyprus Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation 9,232 280,935 3.3%[s] 15,762 357,712 4.4% Opposition
  Czech Republic Green Party 0 2,370,765 did not compete 53,343 5,375,090 1.0% Extra-parliamentary
  Denmark Socialist People's Party 364,895 2.758.855 13.2% 272,304 3,569,521 7.7% Confidence and supply
  Estonia Estonian Greens 5,824 332,104 1.8% 10,226 561,131 1.8% Extra-parliamentary
  Finland Green League 292,892 1,830,045 16.0% 354,194 3,081,916 11.5% Government
  France Europe Ecology – The Greens 3,055,023 22,654,164 13.5% 973,527 22,655,174 4.3% Opposition
  Germany Alliance 90/The Greens 7,677,071 37,396,889 20.5% 6,852,206 46,442,023 14.8% Government
  Greece Ecologist Greens 49,099 5,656,122 0.9% 0 5,769,542 did not compete Extra-parliamentary
  Hungary LMP – Hungary's Green Party 75,498 3,470,257 2.2% 404,429 5,732,283 7.1% Opposition
  Ireland Green Party[t] 190,755 1,678,003 11.4% 155,695 2,183,489 7.1% Government
  Italy Green Europe 621,492 26,783,732 2.3% 1.071.663 29,172,085 3.6% Opposition
  South Tyrol Extra-parliamentary
  Luxembourg The Greens 39.535 217,086 18.9% 32.177 216,177 15.1% Government
  Malta AD+PD 7,142 260,212 did not compete 0 310,665 did not compete Extra-parliamentary
  Netherlands GroenLinks 599,283 5,497,813 10.9% 1.643.073 10,432,726 15.75%[u] TBD (Election)
  Poland The Greens EPP 13,647,311 38.5%[v] EPP 18,470,710 27.4%[w] Opposition
  Portugal Ecologist Party "The Greens" LEFT 3,314,414 6.9%[x] LEFT 5,340,890 6.3%[x] Opposition
LIVRE 60,575 3,084,505 1.8%[44][circular reference] 5,417,715 71,232 1.3%[45][circular reference]
  Romania Green Party 0 9,069,822 did not compete 23,085 5,908,331 0.4% Extra-parliamentary
  Slovenia Youth Party – European Greens 0 482,075 did not compete 0 891,097 did not compete Extra-parliamentary
  Spain Equo 0 22,426,066 did not compete 582,306 24,258,228 2.4% Confidence and supply
  Catalonia Esquerra Verda[y] LEFT Run with UP[z] 0 did not compete Government
Catalunya en Comú LEFT Run with UP[z] LEFT Run with UP Government
  Sweden Green Party 478,258 4,151,470 11.5% 285,899 6,535,271 4.4% Government
European Greens 15,061,100 177,624,368 8.48% 12,240,131 214,300,854 5.71%

Current political representation in European institutions

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Organisation Institution Number of seats
  European Union European Parliament
44 / 720
European Commission
1 / 27
European Council
(Heads of Government)
0 / 27
Council of the European Union
(Participation in Government)
8 / 27
Committee of the Regions
  Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly
3 / 306

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The number of MEPs listed below may not match the total number of MEPs of the European party, as it does not include MEPs who join as individual members.
  2. ^ Dutch-speaking electoral college
  3. ^ Flemish seats in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
  4. ^ All seats for the French and German-speaking electoral colleges.
  5. ^ All seats for French and German-speaking Communities in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
  6. ^ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland as the "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
  7. ^ a b Ernest Urtasun is member of both Catalunya en Comú and Green Left.
  8. ^ a b Catalan seats in the Congress of Deputies; two Catalunya en Comú deputies are also members of Green Left.
  9. ^ English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons.
  10. ^ Scottish seats in the House of Commons (the party has 7 seats in the devolved Scottish Parliament).
  11. ^ It does not have separate membership in the EGP because it is a part of the Irish Green Party.
  12. ^ Northern Irish seats in the House of Commons.
  13. ^ Ålandic seats in the Parliament of Finland.
  14. ^ Full member from 1994 to 2016. Downgraded to associate member in 2016.
  15. ^ Michaele Schreyer for Alliance '90/The Greens
  16. ^ Includes 6 independent MEPs elected for the Europe Écologie group.
  17. ^ Includes 14 MEPs, from 8 countries, NOT affiliated with EGP member parties.
  18. ^ a b In a coalition with Yes, Bulgaria! and Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria as Democratic Bulgaria
  19. ^ With SYPOL
  20. ^ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland as the "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
  21. ^ As part of the GreenLeft-Labour alliance.
  22. ^ Parties included in the coalition are the Democratic Left Alliance (since 16 February), The Greens (since 17 February), Now! (since 18 February), Civic Platform (since 21 February), Modern, Democratic Party (since 22 February), Polish People's Party, Union of European Democrats (since 23 February), Social Democracy of Poland (since 2 March), Liberty and Equality (since 3 March), League of Polish Families (since 11 March) and Feminist Initiative (since 15 March). The Coalition also gained the support from Barbara Nowacka and her movement, the Polish Initiative and civic organisation Committee for the Defence of Democracy. The Coalition came in second place in the 2019 European Parliament election with 38.5% of the vote, returning 22 MEPs.
  23. ^ The party participate in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election as part of the Civic Coalition.
  24. ^ a b These are the results for Unitary Democratic Coalition.
  25. ^ Esquerra Verda is member party of Catalunya en Comú.
  26. ^ a b On 2 July 2020, former ICV members announced the founding of a new party and that it would be part of the En Comú Podem, with David Cid, Marta Ribas and Ernest Urtasun being members of the new party.

References

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  1. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  2. ^ a b Tatiana, Rovinskaya (2015). "Greens in Europe: Incremental Growth". World Economy and International Relations. 59 (12): 58–71. doi:10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-58-71. ISSN 0131-2227.
  3. ^ Henley, Jon (28 May 2019). "European elections: triumphant Greens demand more radical climate action". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  4. ^ Keating, Joshua (3 June 2019). "An Answer to Climate Change—and the Far Right". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  5. ^ Heyman, Taylor (17 September 2019). "Green wave could change the balance of power in European Parliament". The National. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  6. ^ a b "About". European Greens. 9 May 2023.
  7. ^ "Join Local Councillors Network". Local Councillors Network.
  8. ^ "Charter of the European Greens". European Greens. 13–14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023.
  9. ^ a b Fücks, Ralf, ed. (2008). Green identity in a changing Europe. Brussels: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (published October 2008).
  10. ^ Franceschini, Georgio (2024). Kühn, Ulrich (ed.). Germany and nuclear weapons in the 21st century: atomic Zeitenwende?. Routledge global security studies. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-032-37639-4.
  11. ^ Zelko, Frank; Brinkmann, Carolin, eds. (2006). Green Parties: reflections on the first three decades. Heinrich Böll Foundation North America.
  12. ^ "The History of Alliance 90/The Greens | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". www.boell.de. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  13. ^ Haq, Gary; Paul, Alistair (1 March 2013). Environmentalism since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-63654-7.
  14. ^ "The big divide: is ideology holding back greens from embracing nuclear power?". theecologist.org. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  15. ^ Wall, Derek (1994). Weaving a Bower Against Endless Night: an illustrated history of the UK Green Party [published March 1994 to mark the 21st anniversary of the party]. Green Party. ISBN 1-873557-08-6.
  16. ^ "Ideas, actors and political practices in the environmental history of Europe | EHNE". ehne.fr. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  17. ^ "Nuclear Power, No Thanks! The Aftermath of Chernobyl in Italy and the Nuclear Power Referendum of 1987". Environment & Society Portal. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  18. ^ a b "The Green Party in the European Parliament – Taking Stock". www.boell.de. Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  19. ^ "European Greens Found European Greens – DW – 02/23/2004". dw.com. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  20. ^ a b HENDRICK, Annette (August 2014). European Green Party 1981-2009 (PDF). Etopia (published 2014).
  21. ^ "Bittersweet victories: The European Greens and the elections of 2021 | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office - European Union". eu.boell.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  22. ^ "Home | 2024 European election results | European Union | European Parliament".
  23. ^ "Home | 2024 European election results | European Union | European Parliament".
  24. ^ "Greens present 'Green New Deal' at campaign convention". 24 February 2014.
  25. ^ "Results of the 2014 European elections - European Parliament".
  26. ^ Henley, Jon (26 May 2019). "Greens surge as parties make strongest ever showing across Europe". The Guardian.
  27. ^ Henley, Jon (26 May 2019). "Greens surge as parties make strongest ever showing across Europe". The Guardian.
  28. ^ "Climate change will be key issue in EU elections, poll shows". 16 April 2019.
  29. ^ "The Green Wave: A tsunami or just a storm in a teacup? | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office - European Union".
  30. ^ "Home | 2024 European election results | European Union | European Parliament".
  31. ^ "EU election: Surge for Greens, losses for centrist blocs – DW – 05/26/2019". Deutsche Welle.
  32. ^ "In Europe, green policies rule while green politicians struggle". The Economist. 7 December 2023.
  33. ^ "European Greens field Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout as top candidates ('Spitzenkandidaten') for EU elections". European Greens. 3 February 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
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