Grand United Order of True Reformers was an African-American fraternal organization founded in 1873 in Alabama and Kentucky. Originally managed by deputies of the all-white, pro-temperance organization, the Independent Order of Good Templars, the Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers, or the True Reformers, was re-organized c. 1875 by William Washington Browne in Richmond, Virginia. This organization existed as a business and a mutual-aid society during the era of Jim Crow segregation laws, and it supported the growing African-American middle class through economic opportunities and education, before its closure in 1934.[1]
| Grand United Order of True Reformers | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1873 Alabama and Kentucky |
| Type | General fraternity and benefit society |
| Former Affiliation | Independent Order of Good Templars |
| Status | Defunct |
| Successor | Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers |
| Emphasis | African Americans |
| Scope | National |
| Headquarters | Richmond, Virginia United States |
History
editGrand United Order of True Reformers (1873–1880s)
editThe Grand United Order of True Reformers began in 1873 in Alabama and Kentucky.[1][2] It existed as an African American organization led by the all-White organization of the Independent Order of Good Templars.[2] The organization was active in the temperance movement, and provided their members with sick and death benefits.[1]
William "Ben" Washington Browne was born in 1849 as a Black man into bondage on the Georgia plantation owned by Benjamin Pryor in Habersham County.[3][4] He eventually escaped his enslavers during the American Civil War and joined the Union Army, followed by a discharge from service in 1862.[3] Browne attended school in Wisconsin and became an ordained Methodist minister. For some time he taught and led church ministry in the south.[4] He was an outspoken proponent of the temperance movement as a way to but his vision went beyond temperance. He wanted to create an–African American economy of goods and services, independent of government assistance. Browne urged the formation of "fountains" to pool money and buy land.[3]
Browne attempted to apply for formal membership to the Good Templars but was denied. However, the Good Templars agreed to foster the separate affiliated all-black group called the United Order of True Reformers.[1]
Around 1875, Browne was invited by the True Reformers to spearhead a new branch of the movement in Richmond, Virginia.[3][4]
Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers (1875–1934)
editThe Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers was founded by William Washington Browne c. 1875 in Richmond, Virginia [4] as an African-American fraternal organization.[3] Browne created the organization to revive the Grand United Order of True Reformers, which had become less active.[1]
When interest in the fraternal organization began to decrease Browne began shifting the started toization from a temperance society to an insurance organization, a movement that required Browne to move to the city of Richmond in 1880.[5] Eliza Allen joined the Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers in 1880. She organized one of the first fountains in Virginia. In 1881 The True Reformers held their first convention and elected Allen as their grand worthy governess.[6]
The Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers expanded to support a growing African American middle class and offered business services including a bank and a real estate company. It owned several properties and ran a newspaper entitled the Reformer. The organization owned a retirement home, and had a children's division.[1][5][7] At one point in time was the largest black fraternal society and black-owned business in the United States.[5][7] It reached the 70,000 members by 1900, and by that time had also contributed US$2 million in benefits and relief.[8]
Browne managed the organization up until 1898, whereupon W. L. Taylor, born a slave in Caroline County Virginia, and freed while a child after the Civil War, became the official leader.[9]
True Reformers Savings Bank
editIn 1889, The True Reformers Savings Bank opened. It was the first Black-owned bank in the United States to receive a bank charter.[3] Giles Beecher Jackson of Richmond, Virginia had helped found the bank affiliated with the True Reformers organization.[10] At the bank's peak in 1907, it took in deposits of more than US$1 million.[3] However, by 1910, the bank closed after an embezzlement scandal and several large loan defaults occurred.[1][11]
The organization existed until 1934, however, it mostly collapsed after the closure of the bank.[1] After the bank defaulted, the organization was not able to pay the outstanding insurance claims which caused the state of Virginia to revoke their insurance license.[12]
Notable members
edit- Eliza Allen, first and only woman listed on the charter of The True Reformers Savings Bank[6]
- William Washington Browne, founder of the Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers
- Mary E. Cary Burrell, educator and businessperson[13]
- William Nauns Ricks, poet[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Hollie, Donna Tyler. "Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
- ^ a b "The Grand Fountain United Order of True Reformers Begins". African American Registry (AAREG). Retrieved 2023-03-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g Williams, Michael Paul (February 16, 1999). "William Washington Browne". Richmond Times Dispatch.
- ^ a b c d Kranz, Rachel (2004). African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs. Facts on File. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0816051014.
William Washington Browne.
- ^ a b c Watkinson, James D. "William Washington Browne (1849–1897)". Encyclopedia Virginia.
- ^ a b Garrett-Scott, Shennette (2019). Banking on freedom: black women in U.S. finance before the New Deal. Columbia studies in the history of U.S. capitalism. New York (N. Y.): Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-18390-1.
- ^ a b Mjagkij, Nina (2001). Organizing Black America. Routledge. p. 220. ISBN 978-0815323099.
- ^ Schmidt, Alvin J. Fraternal Organizations. Westport, CT; Greenwood Press 1980 p.333
- ^ Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1902.
- ^ Lee, Lauranett L. "Giles B. Jackson (1853–1924)". Encyclopedia Virginia.
- ^ Fahey, David M. (2013). "Why some black lodges prospered and others failed: the Good Templars and the True Reformers". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 36 (2): 337–352. doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.676196. S2CID 143876320.
- ^ "Efforts to Save Colored Bank". The Roanoke Times. 1910-10-30. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
- ^ Hughey, Matthew W. (2015-04-10). Race and Ethnicity in Secret and Exclusive Social Orders: Blood and Shadow. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-43247-0.
- ^ Fahey, David M. (2003). "William Washington Browne: Fraternal Society Leader". In Mjagkij, Nina (ed.). Portraits of African American Life Since 1865. Wilmington, Delaware: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8420-2967-4.
Further reading
edit- Burrell, William Patrick (1909). Twenty-five Years History of the Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers, 1881-1905. Grand Fountain, United Order of True Reformers.
External links
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