The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop acute kidney injury (the sudden development of kidney failure) with anuria (a lack of urine production). The phenomenon was first identified by the Animal Poison Control Center (APCC), run by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Approximately 140 cases were seen by the APCC in the one year from April 2003 to April 2004, with 50 developing symptoms and seven dying.[1]
It is not clear that the observed cases of kidney failure following ingestion are due to grapes only. Clinical findings suggest raisin and grape ingestion can be fatal, but the mechanism of toxicity is still considered unknown.[2]
Cause and pathology
editThe reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known.[3] Types of grapes involved include both seedless and seeded, store-bought and homegrown, and grape pressings from wineries.[4] A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but none has been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs.[5] The dose-response relationship has not been determined,[2] but one study estimated 3 g/kg or greater for grapes or raisins.[6] An April 2021 letter to the editor of JAVMA hypothesized that the tartaric acid in grapes could be the cause.[7] The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis.[8] In some cases, an accumulation of an unidentified golden-brown pigment was found within renal epithelial cells.[6]
Clinical signs and diagnosis
editVomiting and diarrhea are often the first clinical signs of grape or raisin toxicity. They often develop within a few hours of ingestion. Pieces of grapes or raisins may be present in the vomitus or stool. Further symptoms include weakness, not eating, increased drinking, and abdominal pain. Acute kidney failure develops within 48 hours of ingestion.[5] A blood test may reveal increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, phosphorus, and calcium.
Treatment
editEmesis (induction of vomiting) is the generally recommended treatment if a dog has eaten grapes or raisins within the past two hours. A veterinarian may use an emetic such as apomorphine to cause the dog to vomit. Further treatment may involve the use of activated charcoal to adsorb remaining toxins in the gastrointestinal tract and intravenous fluid therapy in the first 48 hours following ingestion to induce diuresis and help to prevent acute kidney failure.[9] Vomiting is treated with antiemetics and the stomach is protected from uremic gastritis (damage to the stomach from increased BUN) with H2 receptor antagonists. BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium levels are closely monitored. Dialysis of the blood (hemodialysis) and peritoneal dialysis can be used to support the kidneys if anuria develops. Oliguria (decreased urine production) can be treated with dopamine or furosemide to stimulate urine production.[2]
The prognosis is guarded in any dog developing symptoms of toxicosis. A negative prognosis has been associated with oliguria or anuria, weakness, difficulty walking, and severe hypercalcemia (increased blood calcium levels).[8] In cases where an animal is azotaemic the survival rate is approx.50%.[10]
References
edit- ^ "ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Issues Nationwide Update: Raisins and Grapes Can Be Toxic To Dogs". ASPCA. July 6, 2004. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
- ^ a b c "Food Hazards: Raisins/grapes". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
- ^ "Grape and Raisin Toxicity in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals". Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ McKnight, Katrina (February 2005). "Grape and Raisin Toxicity in Dogs" (PDF). Veterinary Technician: 135–136. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
- ^ a b Mazzaferro, Elisa M. (2006-01-11). "Doc, What did He Get Into? Emergency Approach to Toxins". Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Retrieved 2016-06-30. (Requires registration.)
- ^ a b Morrow, C. M. K.; Valli, V. E.; Volmer, P. A.; Eubig, P. A. (2005). "Canine Renal Pathology Associated with Grape or Raisin Ingestion: 10 Cases". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 17 (3): 223–31. doi:10.1177/104063870501700302. PMID 15945377.
- ^ McReynolds, Tony (April 1, 2021). "What causes grape toxicity in dogs? Playdough might have led to a breakthrough". American Animal Hospital Association.
- ^ a b Eubig P, Brady M, Gwaltney-Brant S, Khan S, Mazzaferro E, Morrow C (2005). "Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or raisins: a retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992–2002)". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 19 (5): 663–74. doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[663:ARFIDA]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16231710.
- ^ "News and Views". Veterinary Forum. 23 (1). Veterinary Learning Systems: 12. January 2006.
- ^ Reich, Colin F.; Salcedo, Mallory C.; Koenigshof, Amy M.; Hopp, Molly M.; Walker, Julie M.; Schildt, Julie C.; Beal, Matthew W. (2019-11-12). "Retrospective evaluation of the clinical course and outcome following grape or raisin ingestion in dogs (2005–2014): 139 cases". Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 30 (1). Wiley: 60–65. doi:10.1111/vec.12905. ISSN 1479-3261.