Graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their colouration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. Graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles.
| Graphium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Macleay's swallowtail (Graphium macleayanus) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Tribe: | Leptocircini |
| Genus: | Graphium Scopoli, 1777 |
| Species | |
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More than 100; see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. Well-known species include the tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon), common bluebottle (G. sarpedon), and the purple-spotted swallowtail (G. weiskei). One species, G. idaeoides, is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid Idea leuconoe.
Larvae feed variously on Annonaceae (most commonly), Magnoliaceae (commonly), Lauraceae (commonly), Rutaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Bombacaceae, Piperaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Guttiferae, Monimiaceae, Pandanaceae, Winteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae.
Note that there is a genus of fungi also called Graphium.
Species
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subgenus: Idaides
- species group: codrus
- Graphium anthedon (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – Wallacea bluebottle
- Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841) – glassy bluebottle
- Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777]) – eastern olive triangle
- Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787), originally Papilio empedocles Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 10, no. 94 = homonym of Papilio empedocles Cramer, 1779; replaced by empedovana Corbet, 1941.
- Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941)
- Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859)
- Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – Macleay's swallowtail
- Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
- Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896) – Sulawesi blue triangle
- ?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. synonym of Graphium sarpedon
- Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – common bluebottle or blue triangle
- Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916)
- Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – purple spotted swallowtail
- species group: eurypylus
- Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – tailed jay or green-spotted triangle
- Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – spotted jay
- Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831)
- Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884) – veined jay
- Graphium doson (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – common jay
- Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – great jay or pale green triangle
- Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – lesser jay
- Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895)
- Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877) – green triangle butterfly or green triangle
- Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901) – Meek's graphium
- Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874)
- Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)
- species group: wallacei
- Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879)
- Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886)
- Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – Apo swallowtail
- Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)
subgenus: Arisbe Hübner, [1819]
- species group: antheus
- Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779]) – large striped swordtail
- Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)
- species group: policenes
- Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984 – Gauthier's striped swordtail
- Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873) – black swordtail or mamba swordtail
- Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911)
- Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872) - cream-banded swordtail
- Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893) – Junod's swordtail
- Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872) – Kirby's swordtail
- Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904)
- Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775]) – small striped swordtail or common swordtail
- Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892)
- Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889) – dancing swordtail
- Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865) – coastal swordtail, cream-striped swordtail, or dark swordtail
- species group: angolanus
- Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779) – Angola white lady (swordtail)
- Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium morania (Angas, 1849) – white lady (swallowtail) or small white-lady swordtail
- Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843) - acraea swordtail
- Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927) – Schaffgotsch's swordtail
- Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)
- species group: leonidas
- Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) – veined swordtail, veined swallowtail, or common graphium
- Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890
- species group: tynderaeus
- Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793) – electric green swordtail or green-spotted swallowtail
- Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819) – coppery swordtail
- species group: philonoe
- Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873) – eastern white-lady swordtail, eastern graphium, white-dappled swallowtail
- species group: adamastor
- Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
- Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836) – Boisduval's white-lady
- Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842) – Westwood's white-lady or glassy graphium
- Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884) – Almansor white-lady swordtail or Honrath's white-lady
- Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876)
- Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896)
- Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883)
- Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881)
- Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964
- Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950
- Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884)
- Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950 - Riley's graphium
- Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913)
- Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899)
- Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865) – creamy graphium
- Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)
subgenus: Pathysa
- species group: antiphates
- Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – fourbar swordtail
- Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836) – lion swordtail, giant swordtail
- Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – fivebar swordtail
- Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – chain swordtail
- Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888)
- Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840) – Tabitha's swordtail
- Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879)
- Graphium euphrates (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862) – Euphrates swordtail
- Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889)
- Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) – spot swordtail
- Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836) – monkey swordtail
- Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887)
subgenus: Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887
- Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – Malayan zebra
- Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – yellow zebra
- Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853)
- Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – lesser zebra
- Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888)
- Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – spotted zebra
- Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872)
- Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906)
- Graphium stratocles (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)
- Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865)
- Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – great zebra
subgenus: Pazala Moore, 1888
- Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853])
- Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893]) – sixbar swordtail
- Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831) – spectacle swordtail
- Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927
- Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) – spectacle swordtail
- Graphium mullah (Alphéraky 1897)[3]::* Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876)
- Graphium timur (Ney, 1911)[4] synonymised with Graphium mullah by Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007 [5]
- Graphium wenlingae Hu, Condamine, Monastyrskii & Cotton, 2019[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Savela, Markku (April 15, 2019). "Graphium Scopoli, 1777". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
- ^ Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
- ^ Global Names Index
- ^ Graphium mullah kooichii
- ^ Cotton, A.M. & Racheli, T. [2007] Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Papilionidae of Laos with Notes on Taxonomy, Phenology, Distribution and Variation (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea).Fragmenta Entomologica, Roma, 38(2): 279-378.
- ^ "A New Species of the Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus Group (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Central Vietnam". Sarasaviya. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series Volume 70:503-719 online
- Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook, pp. 20–25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
- Smart, P. (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. ISBN 0-600-31381-6
External links
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Media related to Graphium at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Graphium (butterfly) at Wikispecies- "Distribution of Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails" (broadly subgenera Pazala and Arisbe) Natural History Museum.
- "Genus Graphium". Insecta.pro.
