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The Greek Plan or Greek Project (Russian: Греческий проект, romanized: Grecheskiy proyekt), an early proposed solution to the Eastern question, was advanced by the Russian Empress Catherine the Great in the early 1780s. It envisaged the partition of the Ottoman Empire between the Russian and Habsburg Empires followed by the restoration of the Eastern Roman Empire centered in Constantinople.
Outline
editLike her predecessors, Catherine concerned herself with the Orthodox Christians under Ottoman rule; she sponsored the Orlov Revolt in the Morea during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, and invited many Greeks like Ioannis Varvakis to settle in Russia, mainly in Crimea and New Russia. She conceived that one of her grandsons, appropriately named Constantine, would become the first emperor of the restored Byzantium. Another important consideration was Russia's goal of free access to the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus, which the Ottomans controlled.
For this plan to succeed, the Great European Powers would need to agree to it and the Danube powers to cooperate. In May 1780, Catherine arranged a secret meeting with Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor, in Mogilyov. In a series of letters from September 1781, Catherine and Joseph discussed their plans to partition the Ottoman Empire and restore the Byzantine Empire. The Austro-Russian alliance was formalized in May 1781.
The Greek Plan was masterminded by Prince Potemkin who gave Greek names to the newly founded towns in New Russia (e.g., Odessa and Kherson). Byzantine symbolism was highlighted in new churches such as Kherson Cathedral. Another meeting of the Russian and Austrian monarchs was arranged as part of Catherine's Crimean journey of 1787. Both countries declared war on the Ottoman Empire later that year. Joseph's death in 1790, followed by the Treaty of Jassy and the Treaty of Sistova, in which Austria gained little, effectively ended the agreement. Austrian and European interests also had moved westward with the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 which would occupy European affairs and alliances until the eventual fall of Napoleon in 1815. The new Concert of Europe was more concerned with maintaining the territorial integrity of the nations that occupied the Balkan peninsula.
Cities named after Greek names during this period
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The following major cities were given Greek inspired names during this period. Some of them were new settlements, others were renamed.[1]
| Original settlement | New name | "Greek Plan" date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bilhowice / Bilchowicze | Kherson | 1778 | after Chersonesus |
| Kezlev / Kerkinitis | Yevpatoria | 1784 | from Eupator: Ευ·πατωρ "(of) noble father", after Mithridates VI of Pontus, whose dominions included Crimea |
| Kalmiuska Sloboda / Domakha | Mariupol | 1780 | after Maria Feodorovna |
| Kyzyiar | Melitopol | 1842 | after Melita (ancient port city) which existed in the vicinity |
| Mykytyn Rih | Nikopol | 1786 | after Nike, the goddess of victory |
| Hacıdere | Ovidiopol | 1793 | after Ovidius |
| Aqyar | Sevastopol | 1784 | Sebaste (Augustus) after the Pontic port of Sebastopolis |
| Aqmescit | Simferopol | 1784 | city of common good |
| Orlyk | Olviopol (Pervomaisk) | 1782 | after Ancient Greek colony Olbia (Pontic Olbia) |
| Khadjibey | Odessa | 1795 | after Odessos (today Varna) thought to be located in the vicinity |
| Staryi Krym | Levkopol | N/A | Leukopolis, "White City" |
| Sucleia (original place) | Tiraspol | 1792 | after Tyras, the Ancient name for the Dniester river |
| N/A | Stavropol | 1777 | stauros (cross) |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Российские города с греческими именами" Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, Sevatopolskaya Gazeta, July 20, 2006 (retrieved August 17, 2014)