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Greyfriars Kirkyard

Greyfriars Kirkyard is the graveyard surrounding Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located at the southern edge of the Old Town, adjacent to George Heriot's School. Burials have been taking place since the late 16th century, and a number of notable Edinburgh residents are interred at Greyfriars. The Kirkyard is operated by the City of Edinburgh Council in liaison with a charitable trust, which is linked to but separate from the church. The Kirkyard and its monuments are protected as a category A listed building.[1]

Greyfriars Kirkyard
Greyfriars Kirkyard
Map
Details
Established1561–1562
Location
Old Town, Edinburgh
CountryScotland
TypePublic
Owned byCity of Edinburgh Council
Find a GraveGreyfriars Kirkyard

History

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Greyfriars takes its name from the Franciscan friary on the site (the friars of which wear grey habits), which was dissolved in 1560. The churchyard was founded in August 1562 after royal sanctions were granted to replace the churchyard at St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh. The latter burial ground was not used after around 1600.

Because it is thoct gude that thair be na buriall within the Kirk, and that the kirk-zaird is nocht of sufficient rowme for bureing of the deid, and for esdrewing of the savour and inconvenientis that may follow thairupon in the heit of somer, it would be providit that ane buriall place be maid farrer from the myddis of the town, sic as in the Greyfreir zaird and the somyn biggit and maid close.[2]

Because it is thought beneficial that there should be no more burials within the church [ie St Giles], and because that kirkyard is not thought to have sufficient room for burying the dead, and taking into consideration the smell and inconvenience in the heat of summer, it would be provided [by the council] that a burial place be made further from the middle of town, such as in Greyfriars yard, and the same [should be] built up and made secure.
 
An oil painting of The Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard by William Allan (painter) in 1838
 
Greyfriars Kirkyard with Edinburgh Castle behind
 
"Non Omnis Moriar" ("Not All of Me Will Die"), Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh
 
Hill & Adamson photograph dated 1848, showing D O Hill sketching at the Dennystoun Monument, watched by the Misses Morris

The Kirkyard was involved in the history of the Covenanters. The Covenanting movement began with the signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirk on 28 February 1638. Following the defeat of the militant Covenanters at Bothwell Brig in 1679, some 1200 Covenanters were imprisoned in a field to the south of the churchyard. When, in the 18th century, part of this field was amalgamated into the churchyard as vaulted tombs, the area became known as the "Covenanters' Prison".

During the early days of photography in the 1840s the kirkyard was used by David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson as a setting for several portraits and tableaux such as The Artist and The Gravedigger.

Covenanters

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Martyrs' Monument (left), commemorating James Guthrie, James Renwick, the Marquis of Argyll, and the other Covenanters who died during 'The Killing Time' (1661–88)

The National Covenant was signed in the graveyard (as it was a place of free legal public assembly) in 1638. Whilst some depictions of the event show them leaning on table stones, these stones did not exist at that time and the signing was done during the period of the ban on central gravestones.[3]

Following the Battle of Bothwell Bridge (22 June 1679), some 1200 prisoners were brought to Edinburgh. There being too numerous for containment in the prison or castle, a makeshift "prison" was formed in a field south of Greyfriars Kirkyard, to hold around 400 not containable elsewhere. This area was conveniently enclosed on two sides by the Flodden Wall and on a third side (the west) by the high enclosing wall of George Heriot's School. The fourth side faced the churchyard and was separated by an easily patrolled and guarded picket fence.[4]

The name Covenanters Prison stuck. The bulk of the area was built on by the city Bedlam (around 1690). A remaining strip of land, sandwiched between the Bedlam and George Heriot's School, was used for additional burial ground from around 1700. The style at the time was to build in enclosed vaults, and this is the dominant form in this section. As the vaults did not exist at the time of the area's prison use, despite their potential to be used as prison cells, this was never the case.

The area was open to public view until around 1990, but was thereafter locked by the City of Edinburgh Council to stem persistent vandalism and use by drug users. The area is accessible during the day by special arrangement with the guides at Greyfriard Kirk[5] during their opening hours and at night by going on a City of the Dead Tour where the Black Mausoleum can be visited.[6]

Greyfriars Bobby

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The graveyard is associated with Greyfriars Bobby, the loyal dog who guarded his master's grave. Bobby's headstone at the entrance to the Kirkyard, erected by the Dog Aid Society in 1981, marks his reputed burial place, however, as there are no parts of the kirkyard that is not consecrated it is also believed he was buried under a tree outside the gates to the right of the current main entrance. The dog's statue is opposite the graveyard's gate, at the junction of George IV Bridge and Candlemaker Row. The grave of a Pentland Hills Shepherd, "Auld Jock" (John Gray), where the dog famously slept for 14 years, lies on the eastern path, some 30m north of the entrance. The stone is modern, the grave originally being unmarked.

Monuments

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Mortsafes to deter 'resurrectionists' from exhuming the dead, before the 1832 Anatomy Act regulated the legal supply of corpses for medical purposes

Enclosed burial lairs are found mainly on the south edge of the graveyard and in the "Covenanters' Prison". These either have solid stone walls or iron railings and were created as a deterrent to grave robbing, which had become a problem in the eighteenth century. Greyfriars also has two low ironwork cages called mortsafes. These were leased and protected bodies for long enough to deter the attention of the early nineteenth-century resurrection men who supplied Edinburgh Medical College with corpses for dissection.

The kirkyard displays some of Scotland's finest mural monuments from the early 17th century, rich in symbolism of both mortality and immortality, such as the Death Head, Angel of the Resurrection, and the King of Terrors. These are mostly found along the east and west walls of the old burial yard to the north of the kirkyard.[7]

Notable monuments include the Martyr's Monument, which commemorates executed Covenanters. The Italianate monument to Sir George Mackenzie was designed by the architect James Smith, and modelled on the Tempietto di San Pietro, designed by Donato Bramante.[8] Duncan Ban MacIntyre's memorial was renovated in 2005, at a cost of about £3,000, raised by a fundraising campaign for over a year.[9] The monument of John Byres of Coates, 1629, was one of the last works of the royal master mason William Wallace.

Bloody MacKenzie's Tomb

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In 2003, the distinctive domed tomb of Sir George MacKenzie was entered by two teenage boys, aged 17 and 15, via a ventilation slot in the rear (now sealed). They reached the lower vault (containing the coffins), broke the coffins open and stole a skull. Police arrived as they were playing football with the skull on the grass. The pair narrowly escaped imprisonment on the little-used but still extant charge of violating sepulchres.[10]

Notable burials

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The huge monument to Thomas Bannatyn, Greyfriars Kirkyard
 
Monument to John Mylne, erected by his nephew Robert
 
The Pitcairne vault within the Covenanter's Prison, Greyfriars Kirkyard
 
Sir James McLurg's tomb in the Covenanter's Prison
 
The Kincaid monument, Greyfriars Kirkyard
 
Thomas Riddell's Grave, Greyfriars Kirkyard

(note-CP denotes graves within the sealed south-west section known as the Covenanters Prison)

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  •  
    Notable burials
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    Section of the east wall
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    Monuments on the east wall
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    George Buchanan Memorial
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    Tomb of John Bayne of Pitcairlie (17th c.)
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    Detail on the tomb of George Foulis, laird of Ravilstoun (d. 1633) and his wife, Jane Bannatyne
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    Detail on the John Mylne Monument (17th c.)
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    Mausoleum of Sir George Mackenzie, by James Smith
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    Tombstone of James Borthwick, surgeon, who died in 1676
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    Recumbent figure on the tomb of William and Clement Little, 1683
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    Gravestones in the north-west of the kirkyard, including a marker for the burial site of George Watson

References

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  1. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Greyfriars Place, Greyfriars, Churchyard, Including Monuments, Lodge Gatepiers, Railings and Walls (Category A Listed Building) (LB27029)". Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  2. ^ Edinburgh Council Records 23 April 1561
  3. ^ Greyfriars Parish Burial Records:1560–1900
  4. ^ "Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh". Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  5. ^ "Greyfriars Kirk | Take A Stroll Around Our Famous Kirkyard".
  6. ^ "City of the Dead Tours".
  7. ^ C.Golledge (2018) Greyfriards Graveyard, Amberley Publishing
  8. ^ Gifford, John (1989) William Adam 1689–1748, Mainstream Publishing / RIAS. pp.62–67
  9. ^ "The Scottish Poetry Library". Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2006.
  10. ^ Scott, Kirsty (24 April 2004). "Boys avoid jail for 'violating' tomb and beheading corpse". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  11. ^ William Maitland, History of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1753), p. 201.
  12. ^ Giles, Arthur (21 August 1898). "Across western waves and home in a royal capital: America for modern Athenians; modern Athens for Americans, a personal narrative in tour and time". London : Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1td. – via Internet Archive.
  13. ^ "Register of interments in the Greyfriars buryingground, Edinburgh, 1658–1700". 1902.
  14. ^ Brown, James (1867). The epitaphs and monumental inscriptions in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh. Collected by James Brown ... with an introd. and notes. Edinburgh: J. M. Miller. p. 5. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  15. ^ Brown, James (1867). The epitaphs and monumental inscriptions in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh. Collected by James Brown ... with an introd. and notes. Edinburgh: J. M. Miller. p. 170. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Register of interments in the Greyfriars buryingground, Edinburgh, 1658–700". 1902.
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