The 1884 presidential election was the first nationwide campaign in which Grover Cleveland participated and the first of two in which he emerged victorious. This election pitted Democratic Party nominee Cleveland against Republican party nominee James G. Blaine and the campaign centered on corruption, civil service reforms, and political scandals. In this election, Cleveland portrayed himself as the clean and honest candidate in contrast to Blaine, who was portrayed as corrupt.
| Grover Cleveland for President | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Campaign | 1884 U.S. presidential election |
| Candidate | Grover Cleveland 17th Sheriff of Erie County (1871–1873) 35th Mayor of Buffalo (1882) 28th Governor of New York (1883–1885) Thomas A. Hendricks U.S. House of Representative from Indiana (1851–1855) U.S. Senator from Indiana (1863–1869) 16th Governor of Indiana (1873–1877) |
| Affiliation | Democratic Party |
| Status | Won general election: November 4, 1884 Inaugurated: March 4, 1885 |
The nomination fight
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The Republican party of the early 1880s was divided into two factions: Stalwarts and Reformers. The main issue that divided the two was political patronage. In the months leading up to the 1884 Republican National Convention, James G. Blaine, a Reformer, was considered the favorite for the Republican nomination.[1][2] Also contemplating a run for the party's nomination was President Chester A. Arthur. He came to recognize however, that neither faction was prepared to give him their full support. As a result, and due his poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the nomination. At the convention, Blaine defeated Arthur for the nomination on the fourth ballot.[3] Afterward, John A. Logan was selected as Blaine's running mate on the first ballot.[2]
1876 Democratic nominee Samuel J. Tilden was initially the 1884 front-runner for the Democrats.[2] Due to his poor health, however, Tilden withdrew his name from consideration prior to the convention.[2] After Tilden's withdrawal, New York Governor and former Buffalo Mayor Grover Cleveland (known as "Grover the Good")[4] emerged as the front-runner for the Democrats.[2] As Governor, Cleveland was notable for implementing civil service reform in New York as well as for preserving Niagara Falls as a state park.[2] In addition, Cleveland's position on the tariff issue was unclear—thus allowing him to appeal to both high tariff supporters and low tariff supporters.[2] Plus, the fact that he was from a swing state (New York) further strengthened Cleveland's appeal among Democrats.[2] Finally, Cleveland won a lot of support for cutting off the patronage of the corrupt New York City political machine known as Tammany Hall while he was New York Governor.[2]
Convention
editAt the convention, former congressman Daniel N. Lockwood delivered the nominating speech for Cleveland, and Chicago Mayor Carter Harrison Sr. delivered the seconding speech.[5][6]
On the first ballot at the convention, Cleveland won 392 delegates to 170 delegates for his closest rival, Delaware U.S. Senator Thomas F. Bayard.[2] Afterwards, Cleveland's campaign managers worked behind the scenes to prevent opponents of Cleveland from consolidating around any single candidate.[2] This strategy was successful as Cleveland won the nomination with 683 delegates at the second ballot.[2] For Vice President, Indiana U.S. Senator Thomas A. Hendricks (previously the 1876 Democratic vice presidential nominee) was chosen (as Cleveland's running mate).[2] During the campaign, Hendricks would serve as an attack dog for Cleveland and constantly hammer the Republican ticket and Republican Party for their record, agenda, and character.[7]
Campaign
editRunning on a platform of honesty and reform, Cleveland was helped by the fact that many reformist Republicans—known as Mugwumps—were uncomfortable with their candidate (James G. Blaine).[7] Specifically, the Mugwumps disliked Blaine's corruption, his imperialist foreign policy as President Garfield's Secretary of State, and his opposition to civil service reform and other reforms.[7]
While a revelation by the Buffalo Evening Telegraph on July 21, 1884, about Cleveland allegedly fathering a child out of wedlock (by Maria Halpin) threatened to hurt Cleveland's campaign, Cleveland was able to take control and handle this issue by telling the truth.[7] Specifically, Cleveland pointed out that, while he didn't think that this child was his, he nevertheless took responsibility for this child due to him being the only bachelor among his friends.[7][8] Also, Cleveland pointed out that he put the child up for adoption (with this child later being adopted by a wealthy couple) once Mrs. Halpin's alcoholism threatened this child's welfare.[7] This clarification, Cleveland's apparent honesty, and the fact that Cleveland stood his ground allowed him to successfully recover from this scandal.[7] Maria Halpin herself (in an 1884 interview) and Charles Lachman (in a 2011 article) questioned the veracity of Cleveland's side of this story.[8][4][9]
In spite of Blaine's conversion in support of civil service reform, the Mugwumps were unconvinced and continued to support Cleveland.[10] Meanwhile, two events hurt Blaine's campaign in its final days.[10][11] Firstly, Catholic Irish-Americans voters were alienated from Blaine when Blaine supporter and clergyman Samuel Burchard portrayed the Democrats as the party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion."[10][12][11] Secondly, Blaine attended a dinner at a New York restaurant called Delmonico's which was filled with wealthy people (such as Jay Gould and John Jacob Astor); in turn, this caused Blaine to be portrayed as a supporter of the wealthy and as uncaring about the plight and needs of the working class.[10][11]
Results
editDue to the very close vote in New York, it was several days before the results of this election became known.[10] Ultimately, Cleveland won New York state by 0.10% (1,149 votes)--and with it the decisive votes in the Electoral College—while winning the national popular vote by less than 0.30%.[10][13][11] Specifically, Cleveland was helped in New York state by the support of the reformist-minded Mugwumps[14] as well as by the fact that Prohibitionist nominee John St. John took some votes in New York from Blaine.[10] After the election, Blaine attributed his loss in New York to the bad weather as well as to Samuel Burchard's gaffe; without these factors, Blaine believed that he would have won New York by 10,000 votes (and thus won the U.S. presidency).[15]
Overall, 1884 was the first time in 28 years—specifically since before the American Civil War—that the Democrats won an election for the U.S. presidency.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "HarpWeek | Elections | 1884 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "HarpWeek | Elections | 1884 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ Doenecke, Justus. "Chester A. Arthur: Campaigns and Elections". U.S. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Miller Center. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ a b 05.23.11 7:38 PM ET. "Grover Cleveland's Sex Scandal: The Most Despicable in American Political History". Thedailybeast.com. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Convention". Newspapers.com. Wyoming Democrat (Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania). July 11, 1884. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
- ^ "The Convention Adjourning". Newspapers.com. The Fall River Daily Herald. July 10, 1884. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "HarpWeek | Elections | 1884 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
- ^ a b "President Cleveland's Problem Child | History | Smithsonian". Smithsonianmag.com. 2013-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
- ^ Levine, Bruce E. "3 of the biggest misogynists to reach the oval office before Donald Trump got there". Salon.com. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g "HarpWeek | Elections | 1884 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
- ^ a b c d "The Dirtiest Election". American Heritage. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ "Moment of Truth: Scandal in the Election of 1884". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
- ^ "Grover Cleveland". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ Scher, Bill (2015-10-29). "Gaffe at GOP dinner upends presidential election: Oct. 29, 1884". Politico. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
- ^ "Previous Trivia Of The Week". President Elect. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
External links
edit- "This Candidate's a Dodger", ballad about the 1884 election, from the Library of Congress