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Gurgaon district

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Gurgaon district, officially known as Gurugram district,[3] is one of the 22 districts of Haryana in northern India. The city of Gurgaon is the administrative headquarters of the district. The population is 1,514,432. It is one of the southern districts of Haryana. On its north, it is bounded by the district of Jhajjar and the Union Territory of Delhi. Faridabad district lies to its east. To its south lie the districts of Palwal and Nuh. To the west lies Rewari district.

Gurgaon district
District
Gurugram district
Clockwise from top-left: Building in Gurgaon, Highway near Gurgaon Phase 2, new road near Pataudi, Damdama Lake, Sheesh Mahal in Farrukhnagar
Location in Haryana
Location in Haryana
Country India
StateHaryana
DivisionGurgaon
HeadquartersGurgaon
Tehsils1. Gurgaon, 2. Sohna, 3. Pataudi, 4. Farukh Nagar 5. Manesar 6. Wazirabad 7. Badshahpur 8. Kadipur 9. Garhi Harsaru
Government
 • CommissionerRamesh Chand Bidhan, IAS[1]
 •  Commissioner of PoliceKala Ramchandran, IPS[2]
Area
 • Total
1,258 km2 (486 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
1,514,432
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Literacy84.4%
 • Sex ratio853
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
Major highwaysNH 48, NH 148A, NH 248A, NH 919, SH 15A, SH 26, MDR 132, MDR 133, MDR 136, MDR 137
Lok Sabha constituenciesGurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)
Vidhan Sabha constituencies1. Pataudi, 2. Badshahpur, 3. Gurgaon and 4. Sohna
Websitegurugram.gov.in

History

See also: Mewat and History of Haryana

According to Mahabharata (900 BCE), the area was granted by the eldest Pandava king, Yudhishthira, to their teacher, Dronacharya. Later, it passed into the hands of the Maurya Empire and to invaders like the Parthians and the Kusanas, and the Yaudheya (after they expelled Kushanas from the area between Yamuna and Satluj). Yodheyas was subjugated by king Rudradaman I of the Indo-Scythians and later by the Gupta Empire and then by Hunas, who were in turn overthrown by Yashodharman of Mandsaur and then by Yashovarman of Kannauj. The area was also ruled by Harsha (590 - 467 CE) and Gurjara-Pratihara (mid 7th century CE to 11th century). The Tomara dynasty, who founded Dhillika in 736 CE, who were earlier tributaries of Partiharas, overthrew Partiharas. Tomaras were defeated by who[clarification needed] were in turn were overthrown in 1156 CE by king Visaladeva Chauhan of Chauhan Dynasty.

After the defeat, Prithviraj Chauhan conquered the area of Gurgaon, Nuh, Bhiwani and Rewari in 1182 CE. However he later lost it to the Ghurids under Muhammad Ghori following the Second Battle of Tarain. Following the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in his turn in 1192 CE, the area came under Qutb ud-Din Aibak (1206 CE) of Delhi Sultanate who defeated and killed Prithviraj's son Hemraj who had invaded Mewat area from Alwar. Meo - who were mostly Hindu during those times - killed Sayyid Wajih-ud-Din who had been sent by Qutb ud-Din Aibak to subjugate the Meos. The Meos were later conquered and pacified by a nephew of Aibak called Miran Hussain Jang who led the Delhi Sultanate army which conquered the Mewat region sometime between 1207-1210. Many Meo converted to Islam, allegedly some in forced conversions. Those Meo who remained Hindus were obliged to pay the non-Muslim military exemption tax known as the Jizya. In 1249 CE, Balban killed 2000 rebellious Meos. Meo rebels took away large numbers of horses from Balban's army in 1257-58 CE. In 1260 CE, Balban retaliated by overrunning the Mewat area once again and killing 250 Meo prisoners and slaughtering 12,000 women, children and surviving men.

At the time of the Timurid conquests in India and the invasion of Timur in 1398 CE, Sonpar Pal, titled Bahadur Nahar, of the Hindu Jadu gotra, was the prominent king of the area who constructed the fort called Kotla Bahadur Nahar near Kotla lake at the village of Kotla, Nuh. Under the patronage of Delhi sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Sonpar Pal converted to Islam with the new name Raja Nahar Khan and became the founder of the Khanzada Rajputs after submitting to Timur. In 1421 CE, Khizr Khan, the Sayyid dynasty king of Delhi, defeated Raja Nahar Khan's converted son Jalal Khan of Mewat and Kotla fort. When, in 1425, converted grandsons of Bahadur Nahar named Jalal Khan and Abdul Qadir (Jallu and Qaddu) revolted, they were defeated by Sultan of Delhi Mubarak Shah (1421– 1434 CE), who overran Mewat and killed Abdul Qadir. Jalal Khan continued the native Mewati rebellion against the Delhi Sultanate after Mubarak Shah was forced to deal with Jasrat Khokhar who had conquered the Punjab.

In 1527, Hasan Khan Mewati, a descendant of Sonpar Pal, sided with Rajput king Rana Sanga and they were defeated by the invading Mughal forces of Babur at the Battle of Khanwa where Hasan Khan Mewati was killed by the Mughals, and his son Nihad Khan, ruled Mewat as a vassal of the Mughals. Aurangzeb sent Jai Singh I to crush the revolting Khanzada Mewati chief Ikram Khan. After the death of Aurangzeb, Bahadurgarh and Farrukhnagar in the north were under the Baloch nawabs who were granted jagir in 1713 CE by the Mughal king Farrukhsiyar.

The central area of Badshapur was under Hindu Jat king Hathi Singh Kuntal while the south including Nuh was under another Jat king of Bharatpur State, Maharaja Suraj Mal.

During Maratha Empire the area was conquered by their Christian French generals in the late 18th century and they granted Farukhnagar to Begum Samru and Jharsa (Badshahpur) to her European husband Walter Reinhardt Sombre. Southern areas, including Nuh, stayed under the Bharatpur king Ranjit Singh and their vassal relatives, one of whom was Nahar Singh.[4][5][6]

During the 1947 Partition of India, majority of the Muslim population fled to the newly created state of Pakistan meanwhile non-Muslim population of West Punjab in modern Pakistan migrated and settled in this region. Many Hindus and Sikhs from West Punjab came and settled in this region in 1947.

Geography

This district contains many small hill ranges which are part of the Aravali and Mangar Bani ranges.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901182,978—    
1911159,558−1.36%
1921148,627−0.71%
1931162,464+0.89%
1941186,775+1.40%
1951201,727+0.77%
1961259,655+2.56%
1971348,151+2.98%
1981471,695+3.08%
1991606,791+2.55%
2001874,695+3.72%
20111,514,432+5.64%
source:[7]

According to the 2011 census, Gurgaon district has a population of 1,514,432,[8] roughly equal to the nation of Gabon[9] or the US state of Hawaii.[10] This gives it a ranking of 328th in India (out of a total of 640).[8] The district has a population density of 1,241 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,210/sq mi) .[8] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 73.93%.[8] Gurgaon has a sex ratio of 853 females for every 1000 males,[8] and a literacy rate of 84.4%. Scheduled Castes make up 13.07% of the population.[8]


Religion

Religion in Gurugram district (2011)[11]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 93.03%
Islam
 
 4.68%
Sikhism
 
 1.00%
Christianity
 
 0.64%
Other or not stated
 
 0.65%
Religion in Gurugram District
Religious
group 		2011[11]
Pop. %
Hinduism   1,408,801 93.03%
Islam   70,842 4.68%
Sikhism   15,097 1%
Christianity   9,725 0.64%
Others 9,967 0.66%
Total Population 1,514,432 100%
Religious groups in Gurgaon District (British Punjab province era)
Religious
group 		1901[12] 1911[13][14] 1921[15] 1931[16] 1941[17]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Hinduism  [a] 499,373 66.92% 421,885 65.59% 460,134 67.47% 493,174 66.63% 560,537 65.83%
Islam   242,548 32.5% 217,237 33.78% 216,860 31.8% 242,357 32.74% 285,992 33.59%
Jainism   3,909 0.52% 2,921 0.45% 2,762 0.4% 2,665 0.36% 2,613 0.31%
Christianity   278 0.04% 782 0.12% 1,316 0.19% 1,463 0.2% 1,673 0.2%
Sikhism   99 0.01% 342 0.05% 924 0.14% 500 0.07% 637 0.07%
Zoroastrianism   1 0% 9 0% 6 0% 4 0% 4 0%
Buddhism   0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Judaism   0 0% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 2 0%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Total population 746,208 100% 643,177 100% 682,003 100% 740,163 100% 851,458 100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.
Religion in the Tehsils of Gurgaon District (1921)[15]
Tehsil Hinduism   Islam   Sikhism   Christianity   Jainism   Others[b] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Gurgaon Tehsil 91,072 81.33% 19,336 17.27% 43 0.04% 625 0.56% 904 0.81% 0 0% 111,980 100%
Firozpur Jhirka Tehsil 23,510 23.92% 74,126 75.42% 6 0.01% 0 0% 643 0.65% 0 0% 98,285 100%
Nuh Tehsil 50,538 45.08% 61,458 54.81% 8 0.01% 9 0.01% 106 0.09% 0 0% 112,119 100%
Palwal Tehsil 107,948 81.93% 23,254 17.65% 58 0.04% 313 0.24% 181 0.14% 6 0% 131,760 100%
Rewari Tehsil 124,864 84.79% 21,183 14.39% 53 0.04% 296 0.2% 859 0.58% 1 0% 147,256 100%
Ballabgargh Tehsil 62,202 77.17% 17,503 21.72% 756 0.94% 73 0.09% 69 0.09% 0 0% 80,603 100%
Note: British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.
Religion in the Tehsils of Gurgaon District (1941)[17]
Tehsil Hinduism  [a] Islam   Sikhism   Christianity   Jainism   Others[c] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Gurgaon Tehsil 113,614 80.84% 24,878 17.7% 312 0.22% 727 0.52% 941 0.67% 71 0.05% 140,543 100%
Firozpur Jhirka Tehsil 25,777 20.83% 97,500 78.79% 14 0.01% 4 0% 448 0.36% 0 0% 123,743 100%
Nuh Tehsil 61,870 41.9% 85,462 57.88% 12 0.01% 181 0.12% 124 0.08% 0 0% 147,649 100%
Palwal Tehsil 130,234 81.58% 28,754 18.01% 183 0.11% 269 0.17% 186 0.12% 15 0.01% 159,641 100%
Rewari Tehsil 151,763 83.31% 29,277 16.07% 61 0.03% 99 0.05% 841 0.46% 134 0.07% 182,175 100%
Ballabgargh Tehsil 77,279 79.09% 20,121 20.59% 55 0.06% 177 0.18% 73 0.07% 2 0% 97,707 100%
Note1: British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Note2: Tehsil religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labeled as "Indian Christians" on census. Does not include Anglo-Indian Christians or British Christians, who were classified under "Other" category.

Languages

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 65.60% of the population identified their first language as Hindi, 23.28% Haryanvi, 2.35% Punjabi, 2.20% Bengali and 1.33% Bhojpuri.[18]

Political and administrative divisions

Assembly constituencies

There are 4 Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district: Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Badshahpur.[19] All 4 of these are part of Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency.[20]

Sub-Divisions

The Gurgaon district is headed by an IAS officer of the rank of Deputy Commissioner (DC) who is the chief executive officer of the district. The district is divided into 4 sub-divisions, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM): Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Badshahpur[21]

Revenue tehsils

The above 4 sub-divisions are divided into 5 revenue tehsils, namely, Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi, Farrukhnagar & Manesar and 4 revenue sub-tehsils namely Wazirabad, Badshahpur, Kadipur and Garhi Harsaru. Gurgaon district also comprises 4 Rural development blocks - Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Farrukhnagar.

Economy

A large number of industries and offices have been established in Gurgaon city, Manesar and Sohna Road. Cyber City on NH8 is a popular location where most Multi National Companies (MNC) have taken large office spaces. All Special Economic Zones (SEZ)s in Haryana state are in Gurgaon, except Sonipat[22]

Ecology

Wildlife Safari

See also: Leopards of Haryana

Gurugram Leopard and Deer Safari, also Gurugram Wildlife Safari, will be established as an urban forest for Gurgaon city on 1,000 acres land in Aravall's foothills across several villages such as Gairatpur Bas, Sakatpur, and Sikhohpur. It will include construction of a greenfield 10-acre lake at the existing natural depression at Gairatpur Bas. Forests will be rejuvenated by plantiong the native trees. Safari will be developed, along the lines of Etawah Safari Park, in compliance of The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) regulations and guidelines. Safari and lake will support the wildlife, resident and migratory birds, tourist facilities such as boat rides and picnic spots.[23][24]

Gairatpur Bas lake:
Lake near Gairatpur Bas (on the Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway NH-48) will be in the natural depression which drains into Badshahpur drain and finally into Najafgarh drain (tail end of Sahibi River before it converges with Yamuna on western gate of Delhi's Red Fort). Gairatpur Bas lake collects the rainwater from Aravallis. Haryana Forests Department (HFD) has also been laying pipelines and making channels in the Aravallis around Gairatpur Bas depression to direct rainwater to the lake during rains. To make it perennial the treated water from Gurgaon's Behrampur Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Sector 72 will be supplied by a 3.5 km long pipe. Behrampur STP treats 17 cr ltr/day water, of which only 90 lakh ltr was in use, and remaining 16 cr ltr/day water was available for rejuvenating the wetlands of Aravali in Gurgaon and NCR.[23][24]

Significance - biodiversity and wetlands:
This area is rich in biodiversity, falls within the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor stretching from Sariska Tiger Reserve to Delhi, has several nearby wildlife areas such as Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary, Mangar Bani, Aravali Biodiversity Park, etc. There are several wetlands in Aravallis in this area, some of those formed in the abandoned open pit mines in and around the area and have significance for the migratory birds, including Damdama Lake, Badkhal Lake, 10th century ancient Surajkund reservoir and Anangpur Dam.[25] Locals frequently spot the leopards around Gairatpur Bas, who rarely enter human habitations. According to the Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, there were nearly 100 leopards, including 18 cubs, in the Delhi-Gurugaon-Faridabad Aravalli Forests (South Delhi Ridge) in Sept 2019.[26] Earlier in June 2019, Haryana Forests Dept had engaged Wildlife Institute of India (WII), at cost of INR 40 lakh, to conduct leopard census both in Aravalli and Shivalik areas of Haryana, as 2016 survey was held only in Shivalik hills.[27]

Funds:
In Sept 2019, Haryana's Forests Minister had announced that they will allocate INR 300 cr for the project.[26]

Concerns:
Activists have raised concerns that there is lack of transparency in the plan.[23] Activists and locals also have concerns about the freedom of leopards. If Safari has any barricades it will confine the movement of free ranging leopards, they must not be placed in any enclosures as they are "already facing a threat of losing their territory because of the ruin the Aravalli forest has been facing over the past two to three decades."[26]

Conservation:
Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, assured that "Once the DPR is ready, we will be in a better position to comment what kind of safari it will be. We will not disturb the natural movement, feeding and breeding of leopards. We are working in consultation with wildlife experts of the country and under the guidance of the ministry of environment and forest."[26] Since [Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) has developed similar leopard safari near Jamnagar in Gujarat under Corporate social responsibility (CSR),[28] there are suggestions to engage RIL for their partnership, expertise and CSR funding in public–private partnership (PPP) mode to set up similar sections such as the "Forest of India", "Frog House", "Insect Life", "Dragon’s Land", "Exotic Island", "Wild Trail of Haryana" and "‘Aquatic Kingdom" and many more.

Current status:
As of August 2019 was that the GDMA will lay the water pipe by March 2020 provided DPR is approved by the GoH. By October 2019, forests officials had surveyed the area and sent two separate Detailed Project Reports (DPR) to Government of Haryana (GoH) for approval - once each for the wildlifie safari by forests department and for water pipeline by PHED Haryana and GDMA (Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority).[23]

Wetland, flooding and water conservation

Gurgaon area has several natural lakes formed by the streams draining the Aravali hills in the area. To avoid the flooding various check dams, called "bund" or "bundh", were built.[29]

Deforestation, ruined state of some of the check dams and obstruction to the ephemeral streams due to random urbanisation and encroachments have led to flooding. This can be prevented by rejuvenating the johads (lakes) and existing check dams and also by constructing new check dams and artificial lakes. Following must be developed to prevent flooding and enable groundwater recharge, water for wildlife which includes leopards of Haryana, eco tourism and boating, etc.[29]

Summary of plan
  • Summary of action plan: Following must be done:[29]
    • Badshapur drain needs to be deepened
    • Additional lakes needs must be built between Teekli-Badshahpur and Ghata-Kadarpur
    • Existing lakes at Bhondsi and Damdama and stream draining into these need to be rejuvenated i.e. deepened and widened
    • Existing check dams at Ghamroj, Ghat, Gairatpur Bas, Kadarpur, Jharsa, Ghasola, etc must be rejuvenated.
    • New check dams, such as at Pandala.
Detailed action plan
  • Bhondsi-Ghamroj-Damdama catchment:
    It lies on the eastern and south side of the Aravalli on the south of Gurugaon.
    • Bhondsi lake, deepen and widen to rejuvenate this lake inside the Bharat Yatra Kendra (BYK) ashram of former prime minister Chandra Shekhar and rejuvenate all the channels from hills to this lake, it must be large enough to arrest the overflow from Ghamroj and other nearby villages.[29]
    • Ghamroj lake: greenfield lake construction and rejuvenate existing bund and channel to arrest the water from the eastern and south side of the Aravalli on the south of Gurugaon.[29]
    • Damdama Lake, rejuvenate the lake and build more upstream check dams,[29] and construct ponds for the wildlife on top of Aravalli which must be supplied by the solar powered silent pumps.
  • Badshapur-Teekli-Gairatpur Bas catchment:
    It lies ion the Aravalli south of Gurugaon. Pandala and Gairatpur Bas streams confluence at Teekli and through the Badshapur (sec 66) drain flow through Khandsa (sec 37) and Gadoli (sec 37B) to Daultabad (sec 103) and Honda Chowk flooding all these areas. This requires rejuvenation of existing streams and bunds and construction of new ones at the following location.[29]
    • Teekli-Badshapur greenfield lake: a large greenfield lake must be constructed between Teekli and Badshahpur to arrest the water from Aravalli south of Gurugaon.[29]
    • Pandala, Haryana, greenfield bund and channels[29]
    • Gairatpur Bas, rejuvenate existing bund and channels, construct new if needed.[29]
    • Teekli, rejuvenate existing bund and channels, construct new if needed.[29]
  • Ghata-Kadarpur catchment:
    • Ghata-Kadarpur lake: greenfield lake between upstream Ghata and Kadarpur to arrest the water from Aravali hills which arrives via the Gold Course and rejuvenate downstream lakes/johads at Jharsa and Ghasola.[29]
    • Ghata, Haryana,
    • Kadarpur,
    • Jharsa, rejuvenate check dams and streams
    • Ghasola (sec 49),rejuvenate check dams to prevent flooding at Ghata-Kardarpur.

Deforestation and illegal encroachments

Due to the rapid urbanisation in and around Gurgaon, there is rampant illegal deforestation and encroachments by people in violation of rules,[29] often in cahoots with corrupt officials.[citation needed] In February 2021, authorities from the town of Sohna demolished 15 illegally-built structures in Aravali Retreat, after an order from the National Green Tribunal directed the Haryana government to enforce protection of the Aravali range.[30]

Villages

See also

References

  1. ^ "Gurgaon District Administration". gurugram.gov.in. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  2. ^ "Gurgaon District Administration". gurugram.gov.in. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  3. ^ Kumar, Ashok (12 April 2016). "Gurgaon will now be called Gurugram". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  4. ^ Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1983 Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Haryana Revenue Department, Chapter II, pp.35-45.
  5. ^ Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1910" Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Haryana Revenue Department, Section B, pp.19-24.
  6. ^ Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1883-84" Archived 28 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Haryana Revenue Department, Chapter II, pp.19-25.
  7. ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  9. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011. gujjars have many villages in gurgaon. Gabon 1,576,665
  10. ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Hawaii 1,360,301
  11. ^ a b "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  12. ^ "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  14. ^ Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  17. ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India..
  19. ^ "District Wise Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  20. ^ "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" (PDF). The Election Commission of India. p. 157.
  21. ^ "District Gurugram - Administrative Setup". gurugram.gov.in. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  22. ^ "एस ई जेड: भारत में विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र". sezindia.nic.in.
  23. ^ a b c d Jha, Dhananjay (19 August 2019). "Govt plans 10-acre lake in foothills of Aravallis". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Gurgaon's 'city forest' may include a leopard safari". The Indian Express. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  25. ^ "Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary". Department of Forest, Delhi Government. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  26. ^ a b c d Jha, Dhananjay (19 September 2019). "Proposal for leopard safari in Gurugram to be ready by next month". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  27. ^ Prashar, Saurabh (30 June 2019). "Wildlife institute accepts Haryana Forest dept's proposal to conduct leopard census at cost of Rs 40L". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  28. ^ Pathak, Maulik (20 December 2020). "Reliance to build 'largest zoo in world' in Gujarat". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "अरावली के बरसाती पानी का संरक्षण कर विकसित किए जा सकते हैं पर्यटन स्थल". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). 27 July 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  30. ^ Pati, Ipsita (18 February 2021). "6 months after NGT order, bulldozers move into Raisina farmhouse colony". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  1. ^ a b 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis
  2. ^ Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
  3. ^ Including Anglo-Indian Christians, British Christians, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
 
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