Gymnopilus luteus, known as the yellow gymnopilus, is a widely distributed mushroom-forming fungus of the Eastern United States. It contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. It is often mistaken for G. speciosissimus and G. subspectabilis.[1]
| Gymnopilus luteus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | Gymnopilus |
| Species: | G. luteus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gymnopilus luteus | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Gymnopilus luteus | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnexed or adnate |
 | Stipe has a ring |
 | Spore print is yellow-orange |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is inedible or psychoactive |
Description
edit- Pileus: 3—20 cm, convex-hemispherical at first, expanding to broadly convex, with an irregularly infolded and not incurved margin that slightly overhangs the gills. Buff yellow to warm buff orange, often slightly darker towards the center, dry, smooth, silky or finely floccose-fibrillose, sometimes floccose-squamulose toward the center, flesh firm, pale yellow. Staining orange-brownish or sometimes bluish-green where injured or on age.[1]
- Gills: Adnexed, thin, close, pale yellow, becoming rusty brown with age.
- Spore print: Rusty brown.
- Stipe: 4—10 cm, 0.5–3 cm thick, equal to slightly enlarging below, solid, firm, colored like the cap, developing yellowish-rusty stains when handled, finely hairy, partial veil usually forms a fragile submembraneous ring or fibrillose annular zone near the apex. Staining orange-brownish or sometimes bluish-green where injured or in age.
- Taste: Very bitter.
- Odor: Gills have a strong odor of anise, which is one of the easiest ways to differentiate it from its close relatives.
- Microscopic features: Spores are 6.5–8.3 μm × 4.5–5.7 μm (average = 7.4 ± 0.5 × 5.1 ± 0.3), minutely warty, elliptical, slightly dextrinoid, surface finely roughened with irregular warts and short ridges, no germ pore. Pleurocystidia absent or very rare, cheilocystidia mostly lageniform to lecythiform but occasionally without a swollen apex; length = 19.3–35.4 μm (average = 27.3 ± 4.0). Caulocystidia abundant above the annular zone, produced as terminal cells of long hair-like hyphae, narrowly ventricose–capitate to cylindric–capitate, often cylindrical to clavate and without significant apical swelling; 30.9–66.9 μm. Clamp connections present.
- Bruising: None to light blue or green bruising at the base and possibly on the pileus. More common on aborted pins. Slower bruising reaction than most Psilocybe species.
- Potency: Lower levels of psilocin and psilocybin when compared with the genus Psilocybe, ~0.1–0.5% total tryptamines when dried.
It is considered inedible due to the bitter taste and presence of the hallucinogenic compounds psilocybin and psilocin.[1]
Habitat and formation
editG. luteus is found growing solitary to gregariously or in small clusters on dead hardwood trees, preferring damp and well rotted material. It fruits from June to November, and is widely distributed in the eastern United States and Canada.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c Thorn, R. Greg; Malloch, David W.; Saar, Irja; Lamoureux, Yves; Nagasawa, Eiji; Redhead, Scott A.; Margaritescu, Simona; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (2020-04-24). "New species in the Gymnopilus junonius group (Basidiomycota: Agaricales)". Botany. 98 (6). Canadian Science Publishing: 293–315. doi:10.1139/cjb-2020-0006. ISSN 1916-2790.
Sources
edit- Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
- Hesler, L. R. (1969). North American species of Gymnopilus. New York: Hafner. 117 pp.